Translation. Region: Russian Federation –
Source: United Nations – United Nations –
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November 21, 2025 Climate and environment
Negotiations onUN Climate Change Conference (COP30)The summit in Belém, Brazil, was suspended on Thursday after a fire broke out at the venue. The evacuation of more than 190 delegations forced discussions to be interrupted. The summit is scheduled to conclude on Friday, and before the fire, countries were engaged in intense discussions on fossil fuel divestment and climate finance.
The outcome of the talks is seen by many as an indicator of whether decades of promises can be turned into real action.
In practical terms, discussions at COP30 focus on three key issues:
1. How to accelerate climate action?
In the background record global warming and increasing natural disasters Reducing emissions and adapting to the impacts of climate change remain at the top of the agenda. Delegates are discussing key instruments:
Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs): national climate plans, updated every five years. At COP30, countries are considering new ways to expand global ambition and accelerate action. Fossil fuel transition: at COP28 in 2023it was agreed A gradual phase-out of fossil fuel use. Delegates are currently discussing whether to develop a more precise roadmap with specific conditions. A global adaptation target: around 100 indicators are being discussed to track progress at the global level. A forest financing roadmap: already supported by 36 countries, representing 45 percent of the world's forest cover and 65 percent of global GDP. The goal is to close the annual $66.8 billion gap. protection and restoration of tropical forests.
© FCCC/D. Herculano
Delegate to the UN Climate Conference in Belém, Brazil.
2. How can we ensure access to finance and technology for those who need it most?
Political promises alone won't solve the climate crisis—real resources are needed. Mechanisms for mobilizing these resources are being discussed at COP30:
Article 9.1 Paris AgreementDeveloped countries are obligated to provide financial support to developing countries. Delegates are considering an action plan and accountability mechanisms. The Baku-Belém Roadmap: a proposal annually mobilize $1.3 trillion for developing countries using non-debt-creating instruments. The Loss and Damage Compensation Fund: established at COP27 and officially started work during COP-28The fund aims to help countries most affected by the effects of climate change. By COP30, the fund had not received sufficient funds, and many summit participants are calling for increased contributions. Green Climate Fund: the world's largest climate fund, but recent replenishment rounds have shown a trend of declining contributions. Global Environment Facility: provides grants to developing countries, but its resources are also considered insufficient. Technology Deployment Program: aims to expand access to climate technologies; negotiations have been complicated by disagreements over financial and trade barriers. Unilateral Trade Measures: climate-related trade measures that could harm developing countries; the idea of creating a platform to assess their impact is being considered.
3. How to ensure fair and inclusive climate action?
Even with funding, significant reforms could exacerbate inequality if the needs of the most vulnerable groups are not addressed. Delegates are discussing mechanisms just transition:
The Just Transition Work Programme aims to ensure social justice, decent work, and sustainable development. Countries expect a practical framework that takes into account the interests of workers and local communities. The Gender Action Plan helps integrate a gender perspective into climate policy. The first such plan was adopted in 2017, and an updated version is expected to be agreed upon at COP30.
Why the decisions in Belém matter
The decisions made in Belém will determine whether the goals set out in the Paris Agreement are achievable. There's a sense of urgency at COP30: time is running out, and consensus is essential.
These decisions will determine not only the pace of emissions reductions, but also whether climate justice is achieved for indigenous peoples, African countries, and developing countries, which are suffering the most from the consequences of the climate crisis, despite having contributed least to its creation.
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