Red Wings will fly to Gelendzhik from Samara and Kazan on March 24, 2026.

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: Red Wings Airlines –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

Red Wings has opened sales for direct flights to Gelendzhik from two major cities in the Volga region. Flights to the popular Russian resort will begin on April 29 from Samara, and on April 30 from Kazan. Tickets are now available on the airline's website and mobile app.

The airline will operate flights to Gelendzhik twice weekly on Russian-made SSJ-100 aircraft. Departures from Samara are scheduled every Wednesday at 8:20 AM and Sunday at 6:55 AM, and from Kazan every Thursday and Sunday at 6:15 AM.

Gelendzhik is a Black Sea resort with a well-developed tourist infrastructure. The destination is traditionally popular during the high season, but in the spring, it offers comfortable walks along the waterfront, mountain trips, and a relaxing holiday without the peak tourist flow.

The new routes will allow residents of the Volga Federal District to reach the Black Sea coast in just a few hours. This is more convenient than traveling with a transfer in central Russia.

Please note; this information is raw content obtained directly from the information source. It is an accurate account of what the source claims, and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

Red Wings will begin flights from Krasnodar to Bodrum, Turkey, on March 24, 2026.

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: Red Wings Airlines –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

Red Wings will launch direct flights between Russia's southern capital and Bodrum, Turkey. The first flight from Krasnodar International Airport will depart on June 6. Flights to the popular resort will continue until October 10.

Flights will be operated weekly on Russian SSJ-100 aircraft as part of a charter program. Departures are scheduled on Saturdays at 10:30 AM. Travel time is 2 hours and 25 minutes.

The new route will simplify travel to the sea for residents of the Krasnodar Krai and neighboring regions. Now they can conveniently reach the popular resort without transfers or long waits.

Bodrum is a picturesque Turkish resort on the Aegean coast, boasting snow-white architecture and a vibrant nightlife. It is a popular destination for Russian tourists.

Please note; this information is raw content obtained directly from the information source. It is an accurate account of what the source claims, and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

The KAMAZ-54901 Hi-tech was presented at the ASMAP conference in Bryansk.

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: KAMAZ – An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

The high-tech version of the KAMAZ-54901 long-haul truck was presented at the ASMAP conference dedicated to international road transport in modern conditions. The event took place in Bryansk.

The business meeting was attended by Mikhail Golovchenko, Director of Automotive Sales in the Central Federal District of KAMAZ PJSC; Alexander Larionov, Head of the ASMAP Representative Office in the Central Federal District; Vladimir Izotenkov, Head of the Entrepreneurship Development Center of the Bryansk Region Chamber of Commerce and Industry; and other executives, as well as representatives of transport companies.

During the conference, Mikhail Golovchenko, Director of Automotive Sales for the Central Federal District at KAMAZ, presented international carriers with data on the truck sales market, KAMAZ's goals, and the opportunities the company offers its customers in the current environment. Participants expressed interest in the initiative of the leading Russian truck manufacturer, which provides a KAMAZ K5 generation test vehicle for real-world transportation tasks. During the test drive, drivers can evaluate the vehicle's technical specifications, ease of operation, cabin comfort, new instrument panel, on-board information system, and other advantages.

A well-developed dealer and service network in Russia is one of KAMAZ PJSC's competitive advantages. During the conference, carriers were able to discuss prospects for cooperation with representatives of RTA-MB LLC, the official KAMAZ dealer in Bryansk. KAMAZ's service network operates seven days a week to ensure the smooth operation of its customers' fleets.

Conference attendees also had the opportunity to see the KAMAZ-54901 in its full configuration—the flagship K5 generation, in its high-tech version, was on display at the event. The spacious cabin and attractive design received high praise.

The KAMAZ-54901 (4×2) long-haul tractor with ADAS embodies the latest developments from KAMAZ engineers. The vehicle was designed with global automotive trends in mind. This version of the flagship K5-generation truck features aerodynamic fairings on the cab and chassis, improving aerodynamics and reducing fuel consumption by 5 to 10%. At the same time, the vehicle's interior has been significantly upgraded, including a more powerful engine and improved driver comfort and safety.

The truck is equipped with adaptive cruise control, which automatically maintains a safe distance from the vehicle in front and monitors the vehicle's lane position, warning of lane departure, significantly enhancing active safety. Other features include an emergency braking system, an electronic brake system (EBS), an electronic stability program (ESP), an anti-lock braking system (ABS), and an anti-slip regulation system (ASR).

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

Sergey Kogogin assessed productivity-improving projects at the bridge plant.

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: KAMAZ – An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

A visiting quality council meeting, chaired by KAMAZ General Director Sergey Kogogin, was held at the axle plant. The executives assessed the improvements implemented since the beginning of the year and a new project to improve axle productivity and quality, which is expected to increase production rates and the quality of finished products.

At the production facility, the auto giant's CEO and top managers were shown developments related to production process ergonomics and presented with a new project aimed at increasing the productivity and quality of axle production. As part of this project, plant specialists analyzed production processes on the assembly line and identified operations requiring optimization. Specifically, they decided to extend the ball joint/steering knuckle housing subassembly conveyor, increasing the capacity of the subassembly stockpile to ensure the stable operation of the axle assembly line. Workstation ergonomics were also addressed: areas for assembling fasteners into product baskets for axle assembly were organized, eliminating unnecessary movement. Hub group components were also assembled in the warehouse and delivered by trolley to the axle shop to avoid overstuffing the conveyor.

The axle plant's specialists also identified the need to integrate the hub seal pressing line into the overall brake drum machining line. This solution freed up space and eliminated a source of contamination on the axle assembly line. Now, the hub arrives fully assembled and ready for installation on the axle. Changes were also made to the electronic assembly system's operating program, eliminating some process steps and increasing productivity without compromising axle assembly quality. All of this made it possible to implement a single-shift schedule for axle assembly, and organize the second shift for component subassembly with a minimum number of personnel. This eliminated downtime and improved the flow of work at the start of the first shift.

Furthermore, the meeting raised the need for staff training in a dedicated training room equipped with the necessary equipment and closely aligned with actual production processes. This issue will be addressed soon, but currently, staff are undergoing training on production lines with mentors.

Overall, the project aims to increase productivity by an average of 20%. This will maximize the demand for KAMAZ axles and effectively organize the plant's workforce. After assessing the work, Sergey Kogogin noted that the situation on the assembly line has improved: ergonomics have improved, and the assembly rate has noticeably increased. "This is the productivity we need today, because we need to cover the additional production costs associated with rising energy and material prices with our internal resources. It's gratifying to see that the axle plant is addressing this," Sergey Kogogin concluded. "Since my last visit, the plant's appearance has changed, output has increased, people are working more evenly, and efforts are being made to make their work easier. Each of our production facilities must follow this path to be effective."

In the near future, the head of KAMAZ has planned similar meetings at each of the company's plants.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

Access only by list: Russia changes rules for vessel entry for container giants.

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: KMZ Cargo – KMZ CARGO –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

The draft presidential decree allows only carriers with a Russian stake of over 50%, their own fleet, and consent to Russian jurisdiction to operate on routes to Russian ports. Of the ten largest global operators, only MSC is exempt.

The draft presidential decree introduces a set of restrictions on the operation of container shipping lines calling at Russian ports. The document allows only Russian-controlled companies operating their own fleet and agreeing to Russian jurisdiction over disputes to engage in such shipping. Of the ten largest global container operators, only the Swiss Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC) is not included in the exemption list, Kommersant reports.

According to the draft decree, which the publication's sources have reviewed, a company associated with an unfriendly country will be required to comply with a set of six conditions in order to conduct regular foreign trade sea container shipping calling at least at one Russian port.

According to the document, the ship owner, carrier, and line operator must be registered under Russian law. The ultimate Russian beneficiary's share in the company structure must exceed 50%. The Ministry of Transport's proposed position, incorporated into the draft, stipulates a requirement for vessel and ship owner liability insurance with Russian companies or reinsurance in Russia.

The draft decree also includes a provision on consent to the arbitration of disputes in Russian courts if the plaintiff chooses such jurisdiction. Furthermore, carriers are required to prioritize the acceptance and transportation of sanctioned cargo, as well as cargo from sanctioned senders or recipients.

As follows from the draft's appendix, a separate condition is the requirement that vessels operating on the line be owned by the operator. Transportation along the entire route from the country of origin of the goods to the Russian Federation and back must be carried out exclusively by the operator's own vessels.

Ten companies are included in the list of entities with which ship owners, carriers, or operators are prohibited from contacting. According to the document, the list includes Danish Maersk, French CMA CGM, German Hapag-Lloyd and BREB, Dutch Samskip, Hong Kong OOCL, British X-Press Container Line (UK) Limited, Korean KMTC and HMM, and Japanese ONE. MSC, the world's largest container carrier, is not included.

Lawyers interviewed by the publication noted the ambiguity in the document's wording regarding the specific restrictions that apply to companies on the list. A corporate lawyer, who wished to remain anonymous, points out that the literal wording—"is not a person directly or indirectly owned, managed, used, or otherwise controlled"—implies an outright ban. He believes that a literal interpretation would prohibit any participation, even minority stakes, in listed entities. At the same time, as follows from the draft text, the Ministry of Transport is granted the authority to issue temporary permits for transactions with such entities.

A Kommersant source in the industry, familiar with the logic behind the document's preparation, explains that the initiative's goal is to restrict access to "unfriendly" linear services and replace them with lines under Russian corporate, property, insurance, and procedural control.

Another industry source told the publication that the draft's provisions could create obstacles to the development of container shipping. He believes that, given the current level of development of national shipping companies and their limited geographic reach, replacing the capacity of global operators is virtually impossible. He added that this threatens to reduce vessel calls at domestic ports and redistribute cargo flows in favor of international hubs. A Kommersant source in the port industry estimates a potential decline in container terminal utilisation at 40-60%.

A Kommersant source among shippers notes that if the initiative is implemented, the main victims will be Russian exporters and importers, who will lose the ability to attract partners even from friendly countries.

A Kommersant source points out that strict requirements for Russian registration, ultimate beneficial owner control, and vessel ownership limit market access for a wide range of foreign operators. They explain that to ensure Russia's cargo turnover, a large-capacity container fleet is necessary, which is often the subject of investment agreements between carriers and banks that prohibit changes in ownership.

Another Kommersant source calls the ownership clause a radical tightening of the current legal framework. He believes this formula should be expanded to include legal ownership, allowing for the use of vessels through leasing or charter.

Furthermore, as the publication's source notes, the requirement for transportation exclusively by own vessels limits the use of multimodal schemes involving partner lines and feeder operators. In some ports, according to the source, this makes transshipment impossible due to technical constraints.

A Kommersant source in the industry draws attention to the provision requiring the mandatory transportation of sanctioned cargo. He warns that, given the extraterritorial nature of the sanctions, this requirement could lead to the blocking of such cargo at foreign ports and, consequently, the complete closure of carriers' operations.

Kommersant's sources propose relaxing a number of requirements. These include allowing the use of chartered vessels, which, according to their information, currently transports the majority of Russian container cargo. They also believe it would be appropriate to make the requirements regarding the Russian shareholding more flexible for operators willing to provide priority service to Russian cargo and subject it to the jurisdiction of Russian courts. Furthermore, the publication's sources propose expanding the Ministry of Transport's authority to issue temporary permits to operators that do not fully comply with the draft requirements.

As a reminder, Western companies control almost three-quarters of global container shipping. Just three operators—Danish Maersk, Swiss-Italian Mediterranean Shipping Company, and French CMA CGM—combined to account for over 45% of the container capacity market. Carriers from the world's major shipping countries, with the exception of China's COSCO, which is among the top five, significantly lag behind them in terms of global reach. LR

Read more:http://logirus.ru/nevs/transport/pass_only_by_list_Russia_changes_rules_of_ship_entry_for_container_giants.html

Publication date: 03/23/2026

Please note; this information is raw content obtained directly from the information source. It is an accurate account of what the source claims, and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

Delivery of any cargo to Bilibino.

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: KMZ Cargo – KMZ CARGO –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

Air freight to Bilibino: How KMZ Cargo solves Chukotka's number one logistics challenge.

Bilibino is often called the most expensive and one of the most difficult to access cities in Russia. Situated deep in Chukotka, on the International Date Line, it is the first city on the planet to greet the new day. But the city's main problem isn't its geographic location, but how to get cargo there. Bringing anything to Bilibino is a real challenge, requiring professional knowledge, experience, and reliable partners.

Logistics company KMZ Cargo, a subsidiary of the defense industry holding company Kingisepp Machine-Building Plant, offers an effective solution to this complex task – air freight delivery to Bilibino with full door-to-door support.

Bilibino: Why cargo delivery is a special mission here.

Bilibino is located hundreds of kilometers from the coast and has no direct access to major transportation routes. The nearest airport is Keperveyem, 35 kilometers from the city. This is where planes arrive from the mainland, and where the final stage of delivery begins.

The approximate cost of air freight to Bilibino is currently around 570 rubles per kilogram. However, this is only the base price—after landing, the cargo must travel another 35 kilometers on local roads, which incurs additional costs. Furthermore, air freight is primarily used for transporting perishable goods such as fruits, vegetables, eggs, and dairy products, as other modes of transportation take too long.

Alternative delivery routes appear even more complex:

The Northern Sea Route via Pevek – cargo is first delivered by sea from Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, or Vladivostok, then traversed by truck for 650 kilometers of rugged gravel roads with countless fords up to two meters deep. The journey from Pevek takes anywhere from three days to several weeks, depending on river water levels. Delivery via Magadan – in winter, along a winter road – costs approximately one and a half million rubles by truck and takes from a week to a month. The Kolyma River route – cargo is first transported to the village of Seymchan (500 km from Magadan, 1,700 km from Yakutsk), then 1,500 km by barge over two weeks, and then another 260 km by truck.

That's why air freight remains the most reliable and efficient method of transporting goods to Bilibino, especially for goods with limited shelf life and critical deliveries.

KMZ Cargo: Competencies for work in Arctic conditions.

Since its founding, KMZ Cargo has specialized in the transportation of non-standard cargo. Today, it is a major logistics operator, handling all types of transportation: automobile, aviation, sea and river, railway And multimodal.

The company's CEO, Tatyana Damaskina, notes: "Now, what would seem to be a very young company, is already capable of transporting, without exaggeration, all types of cargo: from flowers and animals to engines and parts of nuclear reactors."

Experience handling industrial and oversized cargo, including transportation for the defense industry, has enabled KMZ Cargo to develop unique competencies necessary for working in challenging logistics environments.

How KMZ Cargo organizes air freight to Bilibino.

A comprehensive door-to-door approach. KMZ Cargo handles the entire transportation process. Simply inform the client of the cargo's location – our specialists will arrive, pack, pick up, and deliver it directly to the recipient in Bilibino. Multimodal solutions. Taking into account the specifics of the route, KMZ Cargo develops an optimal delivery plan, combining various modes of transport. This can include: Direct air delivery to Keperveyem Airport followed by road transport to Bilibino. A combined route using rail transport to the departure airport. Complex multimodal schemes involving sea transport for oversized cargo. Full documentation support. Air transportation to remote regions requires careful document preparation. KMZ Cargo provides full support in preparing: Bills of lading. Customs documents (for international shipments). Special permits, if necessary. The company has experience with quarantine, phytosanitary control, and other types of government oversight. Oversight is ensured at all stages. Each client is assigned a personal manager who is always available and knows the status of their cargo. KMZ Cargo ensures 24/7 cargo monitoring, which is especially important when shipping to Arctic regions with unpredictable weather conditions.

Advantages of working with KMZ Cargo.

Reliability and safety – professional drivers and meticulous vehicle maintenance guarantee the safety of your cargo. Experience in handling sensitive cargo – being a subsidiary of a defense industry holding company fulfilling state defense contracts – confirms our high level of process organization. Flexibility in solving non-standard problems – the company is ready to handle requests of any complexity and finds solutions even in the most challenging situations. A one-stop shop for all types of transportation – clients don't need to search for different contractors for different stages of the route: KMZ Cargo handles the entire chain.

Prospects for the development of air traffic with Bilibino.

Starting in 2027, the region's aviation capabilities are expected to expand. KMZ Cargo, a resident of the Russian Arctic zone, is launching helicopter passenger and cargo transportation in Chukotka. The company's fleet will include 10 Mi-8 helicopters, and it will be based in Bilibino.

The city is constructing a helipad, which will create additional opportunities for cargo delivery to central Chukotka along the following routes: Bilibino-Pevek-Omolon-Markovo-Ilerney-Peschanka-Kupol.

KMZ Cargo, with its experience in organizing complex multimodal transportation, is ready to integrate these new capabilities into its logistics schemes, offering clients even more flexible and efficient solutions.

Conclusion.

Air freight delivery to Bilibino is a task that requires not just logistical expertise, but a deep understanding of the specifics of Arctic shipping, reliable partnerships with air carriers, and flawless organization at every stage.

The logistics company KMZ Cargo combines the expertise of a major industrial holding company, experience handling critical and oversized cargo, and a customer-focused approach, providing door-to-door delivery with 24/7 monitoring.

With KMZ Cargo, your cargo will arrive in Bilibino quickly, safely, and with minimal administrative hassle, whether you need to deliver perishable goods, industrial equipment, or other critical cargo.

To calculate the cost of air freight to Bilibino and receive detailed advice, please contact KMZ Cargo managers.

Publication date: 03/23/2026

Please note; this information is raw content obtained directly from the information source. It is an accurate account of what the source claims, and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

Development of logistics in the Far North: the role of the Obskaya-Bovanenkovo-Karskaya railway.

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: KMZ Cargo – KMZ CARGO –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

Given the harsh Arctic climate and limited infrastructure, efficient logistics is key to developing the region's most remote and abundant resources. The Obskaya-Bovanenkovo-Karskaya railway is a prime example of how modern transportation solutions support the implementation of large-scale infrastructure and oil and gas projects in Yamal.

Why does logistics play a crucial role?

Cargo delivery to hard-to-reach areas. The Arctic Railway enables the transportation of oversized and heavy cargo, materials, equipment, and resources necessary for field development, in the shortest possible time and at minimal cost. Reliability in extreme weather conditions. Engineering solutions, including specially reinforced bridges, stations, and snow protection structures, ensure uninterrupted operation even in severe winter frosts, significantly increasing the efficiency of supply chains. Integration with ground and air transport. In regions with limited road networks, rail infrastructure becomes the primary link, while additional assets—TREKOL all-terrain vehicles—ensure cargo delivery to the most remote locations. Accelerated resource development. Reliable logistics allows oil and gas companies to promptly respond to production needs and ensure a constant supply, which is critical for the successful development of fields.

What makes this railway unique for logistics?

– Well-thought-out engineering infrastructure designed for operation in the conditions of the Far North.

– Use of modern technologies for year-round operation.

– The introduction of vehicles adapted to extreme conditions – TREKOL all-terrain vehicles – expands the region’s logistics capabilities.

A look into the future

The construction and operation of the Obskaya-Bovanenkovo-Karskaya railway serves as a benchmark for the development of logistics infrastructure in the Arctic region. Every kilometer of this road represents not only technological prowess but also strategic importance for Russia, which continues to strengthen its position in the development of the harsh North.

The implementation of modern logistics solutions and the integration of transport and infrastructure make it possible to ensure the region's stable development, improve safety, and reduce costs. This is the key to the successful future of the Arctic economic sector.

Our company is ready to become your partner in implementing logistics projects in the Far North. Take advantage of modern transport solutions and confidently move toward growth and success!

Publication date: 03/23/2026

Please note; this information is raw content obtained directly from the information source. It is an accurate account of what the source claims, and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

The 2026 Volleyball Championship matches have started at KAMAZ.

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: KAMAZ – An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

The first matches of the group stage of the Volleyball Championship as part of the 2026 KAMAZ PJSC Spartakiad have been played.

The competition, organized at the initiative of the company's trade union, was dedicated to the 55th anniversary of the KAMAZ PJSC trade union and the 35th anniversary of the ASM RF Trade Union. The opening ceremony took place in the gymnasium of the V.D. Potashov Technical College. Ildar Shamilov, Chairman of the auto giant's trade union, wished the teams a fair fight and exciting competitions.

"This year, 15 friendly teams will take to the volleyball court—fifteen vibrant groups combining strength, agility, and the will to win. Each team is part of a large union family, and today we will see how the spirit of competition and camaraderie creates a special atmosphere for a sporting celebration. May the game be fair, the emotions vibrant, and the victories well-deserved. The union has always supported and will continue to support initiatives that strengthen our community. Sport unites, builds character, and teaches teamwork—qualities that are also important in everyday work," noted KAMAZ union leader Ildar Shamilov.

The first round featured seven matches, featuring representatives from the automobile plant, foundry, engine plant, axle plant, and other KAMAZ divisions. The final matches are scheduled for the end of March.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

Sollers and UAZ pickups will receive a protective body coating made of polyurea.

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: Sollers – An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

A new chamber for applying a protective polyurea coating to the cargo compartments of Sollers ST6 and Sollers ST8 pickups, and in the future, to the UAZ Pickup, will begin operation at the SOLLERS Group's Ulyanovsk industrial site.

Commissioning work is currently underway at the production site, with the chamber launch scheduled for April 2026.

A new composition made from a modern elastomer material offers a high degree of resistance to mechanical impact, guaranteeing reliable protection and durability of the cargo compartment under the most challenging operating conditions. Polyurea provides waterproofing and anti-corrosion protection, shielding the metal from moisture, chemicals, and corrosion.

In terms of the combination of mechanical properties and chemical resistance, the new coating surpasses the Raptor polyurethane compounds used previously.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

The official KAMAZ dealer presents a limited anniversary series of K5 generation trucks.

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: KAMAZ – An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

Sever-Skan, the official dealer of KAMAZ PJSC, announced the launch of sales of an exclusive anniversary series of KAMAZ-54901 long-haul trucks. The release is timed to coincide with a significant date: the 50th anniversary of the first KAMAZ truck rolling off the production line.

As dealer representatives note, the anniversary series is a bridge between generations, created to commemorate the labor heroism of the pioneers and to celebrate the half-century of KAMAZ vehicles. Each vehicle in the anniversary series combines legendary reliability with unique comfort and design features not available in standard trim levels.

Speaking of the exterior, it's worth noting the custom wrapping, symbolizing the era of the first KAMAZ model's release. The graphics evoke the style of the 1970s and make each truck recognizable from afar. The vehicle features updated headlights and a radiator grille with soft backlighting—a statement of status at night. A stylish sun visor completes the look, providing increased comfort in sunny weather and adding a polished finish.

Inside the anniversary edition, the driver finds a space designed for long journeys. The steering wheel, upholstered in high-quality leather, provides tactile comfort. To create the perfect ambiance during travel, an intelligent interior lighting system is included. Controlled directly from a smartphone, you can choose any color and lighting pattern, adapting the space for relaxation or work. An upgraded audio system provides high-quality sound and rich depth of sound.

The first vehicles from the limited anniversary series have already arrived at the official KAMAZ dealership showroom. Sever-Skan has its own branch network throughout Russia, offering a full range of sales, maintenance, and repair services for KAMAZ trucks.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.