Category: Russian Universities

Posted on

International Mathematics, Cultural Exchange, and Inspiration for a Dissertation: NSU MMF Students Attend Combinatorics School in China

Translation. Region: Russian Federal

Source: Novosibirsk State University –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

Students and young scientists Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Novosibirsk State University took part in the International Summer School on Combinatorics, which was held at China Three Gorges University (CTGU) from June 26 to July 13. The delegation included Maxim Emelyanov, Timofey Vasiliev, Wang Yifei, Ayana Ondar and Maxim Levashov. The school program focused on modern aspects of discrete mathematics: participants studied in depth the theory of symmetric functions, Kazhdan-Lustig polynomials, Newton polyhedra and Lorentz polynomials. The educational process included active scientific discussions with teachers and colleagues, as well as final exams, which were successfully passed by all participants.

For NSU MMF Master's student Maxim Yemelyanov, this trip was his first international academic experience in the field of combinatorics:

— This school brought together leading specialists and students from all over China. The program allowed not only to deeply study theoretical and applied approaches, but also to lay the foundation for future cooperation between NSU and Chinese universities, — says Maxim.

Maxim Yemelyanov presented his master's thesis at the school on the topic "Consequences of using augmentation options in image recognition by convolutional neural networks." Despite the fact that the topic lies at the intersection of mathematics and AI, it aroused keen interest among teachers and students:

— I decided to take part in the school to get new ideas for my dissertation and exchange experiences with world experts in discrete mathematics. In addition, it was a unique chance to present my research to an international audience and receive an objective assessment from leading lecturers. My master's dissertation interested my colleagues and teachers at CTGU, which allowed me to receive valuable recommendations for further development of the topic and refinement of the methodology, — the student notes.

According to Maxim Yemelyanov, the lectures on symmetric functions were especially memorable – they demonstrated how a universal mathematical apparatus can be applied to a wide variety of problems and provide a new vision of discrete structures.

But the summer school is not only about science. The participants had a rich cultural program, including a trip to the world's largest hydroelectric power station, the Three Gorges, master classes in Chinese crafts, and excursions to museums and picturesque places in the province:

— The scale of the CTGU campus, its infrastructure, the combination of modern architecture with natural landscapes and the careful organization of all processes made a huge impression. This trip was simultaneously inspiring, productive and truly important for my scientific path, — shares Maxim Emelyanov.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source of the information. It is an accurate report of what the source claims and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

.

Posted on

Deputy Chairman of Delovaya Rossiya Nonna Kagramanyan noted the high scientific and technical capabilities of the State University of Management

Translation. Region: Russian Federal

Source: Official website of the State –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

On July 31, 2025, the State University of Management was visited on a working visit by the Deputy Chairman and Head of the Executive Committee of the All-Russian public organization "Business Russia", a graduate of the State University of Management, Nonna Kagramanyan.

At the beginning of the visit, the rector of the State University of Management Vladimir Stroyev and the vice-rector Maria Karelina introduced the guest to the technical capabilities of the Media Center and the developments of the Engineering Project Management Center.

As a former employee of VGTRK, Nonna Kagramanyan especially highly appreciated the Jalinga studio and noted its wide opportunities for promoting educational programs and any other media projects. The guest also liked the more familiar interior design studio, where materials for the school entrepreneurship Olympiad for the united company Wildberries and Russ are currently being recorded. As Vladimir Stroyev noted, three online master's courses have already been recorded in the interior design studio during the short time of its operation.

Vladimir Filatov, Director of the Center for Management of Engineering Projects at the State University of Management, spoke about the main areas of work of the Center, the activities of the inter-university student design bureau, and showed prototypes of unmanned aerial vehicles.

Vladimir Stroyev paid special attention to the inter-university design bureau, which won the first specialized competition from the Ministry of Education and Science. The rector noted that the current project of the State University of Management surprised the expert committee, which did not expect something like this from a management university, because at the moment this is the only such experience in Russia.

Vladimir Filatov shared the design bureau's work scheme, in which young scientists and students perform design work, and GUU also plays the role of integrator of the entire inter-university network. In less than a year, students digitized more than 3,000 drawings ordered by TMH Engineering. The director of the engineering center reported high customer satisfaction from cooperation with GUU, as this allowed them to unload their staff engineers, while the students receive the necessary practical work experience from completing the order.

Summing up what she saw in a conversation with the rector, GUU graduate Nonna Kagramanyan sincerely rejoiced at the successes of her native university: “You listen – and you are filled with pride. You have a whole world here, a whole world.”

Moving to a more practical plane, Nonna Sayadovna put forward her proposals. First. Taking into account the high demand of businesses for the services of engineers, Delovaya Rossiya is ready to promote the scheme of work of student design bureaus tested at SUM, as well as manually send information about the finished developments of SUM to its partners. Second. For more systematic work, Delovaya Rossiya expects SUM to provide a list of the capabilities of the student design bureau in the form of a presentation for distribution to the partners of the organization, with the purpose of concluding agreements between them and SUM. Third. Through its production partner, Delovaya Rossiya will facilitate the start of serial production of the prototypes available at SUM. Fourth. Delovaya Rossiya asks to provide presentation materials and production conditions of the SUM Media Center for the possible resumption of the project of programs "Business Russia" together with the TV channel "Russia 24".

In addition, Nonna Kagramanyan discussed with the management of the State University of Management plans to create an Advanced Engineering School, new youth laboratories, additional classes in the Pre-University, as well as methodological opportunities for accelerated training of engineering personnel.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source of the information. It is an accurate report of what the source claims and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

.

Posted on

Ten-Year-Old Django: Polytechnic Students Celebrate Anniversary Work Season

Translation. Region: Russian Federal

Source: Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

The Polytechnic student teams are back in touch. Today we will go to Crimea together with the agricultural team "Django". By the way, this is already the tenth working season for our "farmers".

The guys celebrated their anniversary at the vineyards of the Massandra company in the village of Malorechenskoye, in the southern part of the peninsula. Many nostalgic memories are associated with this place, because the team is coming here for the third time, everything here has become native and close.

At work, polytechnicians master the profession of a winegrower: they tie up vines, water and collect ripe bunches of grapes, and look after young vineyards. And in their free time, they explore the surrounding area, visit nearby cities, conquer the Crimean mountains, swim in the sea and organize unforgettable events.

"What are my feelings about the season? The most diverse! Each new day brings an unusually large number of emotions and impressions, something is constantly happening around – it overwhelms, even confuses from being unaccustomed to it," shared her impressions of her first trip, "Django" candidate Dasha Shcherbinina. "It seems that I live some new, completely unreal life. And in this life – sun, sea, mountains and endless vineyards!"

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source of the information. It is an accurate report of what the source claims and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

.

Posted on

International scientific and educational summer school of restoration at SPbGASU: unique experience of working at a cultural heritage site

Translation. Region: Russian Federal

Source: Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

Participants of the summer school

The projects of the international scientific and educational summer school of restoration “Preservation and regeneration of the cultural heritage of the historical zones of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region” were defended.

The summer school was attended by 12 students from Greece, Kazakhstan, Kazan and St. Petersburg. Gathered in teams, they worked on a historical heritage site and a concept for preserving and developing the historical territory of the unique wooden Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The current church is located in the village of Listvenka, Boksitogorsk District, Leningrad Region, and is a cultural heritage site of federal significance. This is one of the oldest church buildings in the Leningrad Region – it was built in 1599 and rebuilt in 1720.

"For students, the summer school was an excellent opportunity to test their restoration skills, gain unique experience and work in a team. All the projects presented were completed at a fairly high level. As part of the summer school, students conducted comprehensive studies of the cultural heritage site, including analysis of archival documents and photo recording, developed and discussed the concept of its preservation," said Nadezhda Akulova, associate professor of the Department of Architectural and Urban Heritage at SPbGASU.

Anatoly Shlykov, a student at the Kazan State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, admits that participation in the summer school was unplanned, but in the end it gave him a wonderful opportunity to work with an ancient object, meet wonderful people, and most importantly, work in a team that loves what they do.

A student from Greece, Emilia Chaidemenaki, agrees with him, believing that the summer school united and made friends with future restorers from different parts of the world.

"I got a truly unique experience of working in Russia in general and with one of the oldest church buildings in the Leningrad region in particular. In addition, I became a member of an international team. It's great that the summer school at SPbGASU opens up such a wonderful opportunity for us, students from different countries," shared Emilia Khaidemenaki.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source of the information. It is an accurate report of what the source claims and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

.

Posted on

The deadline for accepting applications for the XI All-Russian Prize "For Loyalty to Science" has been extended

Translation. Region: Russian Federal

Source: Official website of the State –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

The State University of Management invites you to take part in the XI All-Russian Prize "For Loyalty to Science". Applications are accepted until August 17.

Participants may include scientists, journalists, press service workers popularizing Russian science, as well as business representatives who have made a significant contribution to supporting the prestige of professional scientific activity and popularizing domestic scientific achievements.

This year the Award includes 11 nominations:

Scientific press service of the year. Scientific journalist of the year. Author of digital content. Recognition. Russian science to the world (nomination named after Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky). On the use of artificial intelligence technology in scientific research. Working with experience: scientists' contribution to the Victory. Science for children. Special prize named after Khristophor Ledentsov. Special prize named after Daniil Granin. Special prize for the 80th anniversary of the nuclear industry.

All winners will receive a cash prize from the Art, Science and Sport charity foundation, and the winners of the Special Prize for the 80th Anniversary of the Nuclear Industry nomination will also go on a trip on a nuclear icebreaker organized by the Rosatom State Corporation.

The award ceremony will take place at the end of October in Moscow.

Let us recall that the All-Russian Prize "For Loyalty to Science" is awarded annually for outstanding achievements in the field of scientific communication, popularization of scientific achievements and support of the prestige of scientific activity in the Russian Federation. In 2022, the Prize became one of the flagship projects of the Decade of Science and Technology announced by the President of Russia.

You can find out more about the Award and submit an application on the official website, and ask any questions by email at zavernostnauke@minobrnauki.gov.ru.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source of the information. It is an accurate report of what the source claims and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

.

Posted on

Delegations from China's top universities visited Polytechnic University

Translation. Region: Russian Federal

Source: Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University recently hosted delegations from top Chinese universities: Tsinghua University (20th place in the QS ranking), Zhejiang University (49th place in QS), and Peking University (13th place in QS).

Study visits to prestigious partner universities in foreign countries are a mandatory element of the educational program at Chinese universities. That is why every summer students from China come to the Polytechnic University to develop scientific and educational cooperation and exchange best practices in working with young people.

The delegation of Tsinghua University (SPbPU's strategic partner), headed by the deputy secretary of the party committee of the university's Youth Union, Chen Zhihao, consisted of student activists (secretaries of faculty committees of the Komsomol, postgraduates and masters). The visit was organized within the framework of the elite program for training personnel reserves and future leaders of Tsinghua University, implemented under the auspices of the Communist Youth Union of China.

The introduction to the history and infrastructure of SPbPU began with a tour of the Main Academic Building (White Hall, library, portrait gallery) and the SPbPU History Museum. The key point was a visit to the Youth Trajectory Center in the Polytech Tower — a modern space for student life, project activities, and interaction with industry. At a meeting with Ivan Khlamov, Head of the SPbPU Youth Policy Department, the guests discussed options for involving young people in scientific and technical creativity, project work, developing leadership skills, and a mentoring system. Colleagues from Tsinghua presented the successful experience of their university ecosystem for supporting innovation and entrepreneurship, including the Lighthouse program, Challenge Cup and Entrepreneurship Competitions, as well as the Innovation Plus incubator, which has grown hundreds of startups with a total funding of about 5 billion rubles.

The study visit of the best students of Zhejiang University to the Polytechnic is a long-standing tradition that has been strictly observed throughout the years of strategic partnership between our universities. The envoys from the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering were led by its international coordinator Qiu Yixin.

The program included an introduction to the historical heritage of the university, a visit to the modern laboratories of the Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Transport, and a working meeting with representatives of the SPbPU International Service. The students visited the innovative laboratories of IMMiT and learned about the latest developments of research groups and young scientists of the institute.

Chinese students were presented with opportunities to study at SPbPU, in particular within the framework of additional programs, summer and winter schools. The guests highly appreciated the educational potential of the Polytechnic University, including that already implemented in partnership with Chinese universities, and expressed interest in creating a joint program in the field of mechanical engineering.

In addition to students, the representative delegation from Peking University included Dean of the College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peng Hailin, Dean of the Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering Zou Ruqiang, Professor of the Faculty of Physics Wang Xinqiang, and other scientists.

The visit was eventful: the guests were divided into groups according to their scientific interests to visit specialized laboratories, where they got acquainted with the advanced research of SPbPU in the field of new materials, energy and microelectronics. Of particular interest were the developments of carbon nanomaterials, artificial intelligence for chemistry and promising catalysts. The visit ended with presentations of scientific areas of both universities.

The past visits demonstrated the mutual interest of Russian and Chinese universities in deepening cooperation, the desire to organize interaction not only between leading scientists, but also among young researchers. As noted by representatives of SPbPU, such meetings help not only to exchange best practices in education and science, but also to create a solid foundation for future joint projects, student initiatives, entrepreneurship. Particular attention was paid to student mobility, academic exchange programs, joint participation in student conferences and youth initiatives. The doors of the Polytechnic University are always open to students of partner universities in China.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source of the information. It is an accurate report of what the source claims and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

.

Posted on

Information about the competition lists

Translation. Region: Russian Federal

Source: Official website of the State –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

Dear applicants of the State University of Management, we publish up-to-date information on the competition lists. They can be viewed in two ways.

The first is on a special page of the SUM website, where you can find yourself using your unique applicant number.

The second is on the State Services portal using the following algorithm: – Find SUM in the university selection service; – Select a direction; – Expand the program; – Open “Lists of applicants” and “Competition lists”; – Find yourself using your unique applicant number.

The lists for the budget and quotas have already been published. Preliminary lists for the contract will appear on August 10. The order for transfer to the budget – August 7.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source of the information. It is an accurate report of what the source claims and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

.

Posted on

Kirill Prigoda is our champion!

Translation. Region: Russian Federal

Source: Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

The renowned polytechnician, assistant of the Higher School of Sports Education of the Institute of Physical Culture and Sport, Kirill Prigoda became the winner of the World Aquatics Championships in Singapore. He won gold in the 4×100 m combined relay. And before that, he won silver in the individual event at the 50 m breaststroke.

The World Championships are being held in Singapore from July 11 to August 3. On July 30, Kirill Prigoda, Miron Lifintsev, Darya Klepikova and Darya Trofimova won the combined relay. Our team not only won a confident victory in the final, but also set a new world championship record – 3:37.37. This victory went down in history – before it, Russian swimmers had not won the relay at major international tournaments for 22 years! The last time our athletes won was in 2003. Then Kirill Prigoda was seven years old.

The emotions are very pleasant, because the team gave 110%. The guys are great, but the championship is not over yet. We will celebrate at the end of the competition, – said Kirill Prigoda on air at Match TV.

Let us remind you that the Russian team is performing in Singapore in a neutral status. Thus, during the swim it was forbidden to chant "Russia". This is a strict condition of the International Swimming Federation. The team was given a special guide. If we violated it, we were threatened with exclusion from the championship. And even though we did not see the Russian flag or hear our anthem at the awards ceremony, everyone in the world understood that the Russians were on the top step of the podium.

Less than an hour before the team victory, Kirill Prigoda secured the title of vice-champion in the 50-meter breaststroke. In the final swim, he showed a result of 26.62 seconds. This medal was the 11th for the Russians and the first personal award for Russian swimmers at the current championship.

We are proud of Kirill and once again we are convinced that Polytechnic University helps develop abilities and talents in science, creativity, and sports! – noted SPbPU Rector Andrey Rudskoy.

Kirill Prigoda is already an eight-time world champion! He is also a four-time world championship medalist, a two-time European champion, and a silver and bronze medalist at the European Short Course Championships. He currently holds three world records.

The World Championships are ongoing, and Kirill Prigoda has a great opportunity to add to the Russian team’s medal collection.

Photo: © RIA Novosti / Maxim Bogodvid / EPA / TASS

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source of the information. It is an accurate report of what the source claims and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

.

Posted on

NSU student finds out that water has a huge impact on the elastic properties of hydrogel

Translation. Region: Russian Federal

Source: Novosibirsk State University –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

The effect of water on the longitudinal gigahertz elastic modulus of collagen-based hydrogel was studied by a student of the Department of Physical Methods of Solid State Research using optical spectroscopy methods Faculty of Physics, Novosibirsk State University Anna Laktionova under the scientific supervision of Valeria Zykova, PhD in Physics and Mathematics, Senior Researcher at the Institute of Automation and Electrometry SB RAS. The data from this study became the basis for her master's thesis, which she successfully defended this year. In her work, she used optical research methods – Mandelstam-Brillouin scattering (MBS) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy.

— Changes in the elastic properties of biological objects may be associated with disruptions in the functioning of living cells, in such cases, information about the elastic modulus plays a key role. Currently, a contactless and non-invasive technique for characterizing the viscoelastic properties of materials is actively developing – Mandelstam-Brillouin scattering spectroscopy (MBS), which has proven itself in application to biomedical problems. MBS spectroscopy allows obtaining information about the speed of sound in a substance and the gigahertz elastic modulus. However, when studying real biotissues, difficulties arise in interpreting experimental data that are associated with the multicomponent composition of the studied objects and small changes in the elastic modulus due to pathologies occurring in the bioobject. This is due to the fact that the main contribution to the elastic modulus value in the case of real tissues is made by the water component, the content of which is quite high for the case of biological samples. For this reason, researchers often use simpler model two-component objects instead of real tissues, which are hydrogels, in particular, collagen-based hydrogels. By varying the water content, various parameters of viscoelastic properties are achieved, thereby hydrogels imitate the properties of a wide variety of real tissues, explained Anna Laktionova.

Samples of collagen -based hydrogels with different water content were made for conducting research. Further, with the help of a number of optical techniques (RMB, cattle, low -frequency cattle and depolarized light scattering), Anna described the elastic and relaxation properties of manufactured hydrogels. Spectra measurement was made during drying of hydrogel samples in the air. This was done in order to observe how, depending on the content of water in the sample, its elastic properties are changed, determined from the parameters of the spectrum of light scattering. With the dehydration of the sample from the most hydrated state (water content of 99.5 %) to a completely dry elasticity module increases by 6 times. At the same time, significant growth is observed with protein concentrations above 60 %. For a detailed study of such behavior, two spectrometers were required to synchronously measure the spectra of RMB and CRC. In this regard, some difficulties arose. The devices were in different rooms, which could affect the accuracy of measurements: while the sample was transferred from one office to another, it could be subjected to undesirable exposure to external factors, which would lead to its additional drying. To characterize the content of water in the samples and their elastic module from the same point in the process of drying, participants in the experiment, which was conducted in the spectroscopy laboratory of the condensed media of the Institute of Automation and Electrometry of the SB RAS, established a fiber -fiber channel between two spectrometers. This technical solution was implemented for the first time in Russia.

The analysis of the dependence of the Brillouin line position on the protein concentration in the hydrogel showed that the value of the gigahertz elastic modulus changes almost 6 times within the full range of concentrations (water content 0 – 100%). This is a very significant change. Earlier in the literature it was demonstrated that in the case of chemical treatments it is only a few percent. This fact fully demonstrates the strong influence of water. The resulting concentration dependence of the elastic modulus was described by a model considering the hydrogel as a rigid protein framework filled with water.

— From the analysis of the shape of the Brillouin spectrum of hydrogels, a non-trivial dependence of the Brillouin line width on the protein content was obtained. It is generally accepted, at least for single-component systems, that the Brillouin line width characterizes the viscosity of the object under study. However, in our case, everything was not so simple. When the hydrogel dried, the Brillouin line width actually increased to protein concentrations of about 70%, where the dependence extremum was observed. With further dehydration, up to completely dry collagen, the Brillouin line width narrowed. According to our assumptions, the reason for such an unexpected result lies in the influence of relaxation processes on the shape of the Brillouin spectrum of the hydrogel. To confirm this hypothesis, it was necessary to conduct a study using another spectroscopic technique – depolarized light scattering spectroscopy, – said Anna Laktionova.

A comprehensive comparison of the behavior of the RMB line width and the shape of the depolarized spectrum made it possible to verify the relaxation nature of the Brillouin line broadening with a change in water content. The results of RMB spectroscopy of hydrogels with different water contents for several temperatures (25, 0, -10 °C) additionally confirmed the influence of relaxation processes on the Brillouin line width, explained Anna Laktionova.

The analysis of the obtained results allowed us to obtain complete information on the nature of the interaction of the biopolymer matrix with the water component and to study in detail the issue of the influence of the water component on the parameters of the Brillouin spectrum of a hydrogel with different degrees of hydration. The participants of the study came to the conclusion: the work done demonstrates the prospects of the complex application of spectroscopic techniques (RMB, Raman, low-frequency Raman and depolarized light scattering) for characterizing the properties of hydrogels and studying the issue of the interaction of water with the protein matrix.

— It is very important to study the effect of water on the elastic properties of collagen-based hydrogel using optical methods, because such an object is simple enough to interpret spectral data, while it is capable of imitating the mechanical properties of more complex biological objects. This work, using such simple objects as an example, demonstrates the capabilities of optical spectroscopy methods, which in the future can be used to study more complex real tissues, — said Anna Laktionova.

Material prepared by: Elena Panfilo, NSU press service

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source of the information. It is an accurate report of what the source claims and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

.

Posted on

Polytechnic students at Garage Fest Igora Drive-2025

Translation. Region: Russian Federal

Source: Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

During these hot days, an equally hot event took place at the Igora Drive circuit in the Leningrad Region — the fourth Garage Fest festival. The Polytech North Capital Motorsport (Polytech NCM) student team became one of the participants in the Formula Student competition and performed well.

There was so much to see at the festival! Four-hour endurance races, drift competitions, exhibitions of rare cars, dragsters and drag racing prototypes, as well as interesting lectures and discussions about the past, present and future of cars.

A separate topic is the international student racing car competition "Formula Student". There, our Polytech NCM team did not get lost among strong competitors from Russia, Turkey and China. The guys proved that they are real engineers and athletes, ready to fight for leadership. At all stages of the competition, they were supported by students from the Polymer association – they tried not to miss a single event of the program, filmed a report, followed the races and, of course, rooted for the Polytechnicians.

To gain access to the races, you need to overcome the stage of static disciplines. Here, Polytech NCM was at its best. The guys passed the technical inspection and presented their car to experts. As a result, the Polytechnicians became winners in the presentation of the business plan, received second place for the report on cost and production, and came in third in the disciplines "Best digital twin of a racing car" and "Protection of the structure".

Thus, the team earned the right to participate in the general race and took fourth place there. The guys were delighted to be among their own again – in the engineering community, where everyone supports each other despite the competition. Now they are set for the new season and expect to improve their result at the next Garage Fest Igora Drive.

Photo: Polytech NCM

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source of the information. It is an accurate report of what the source claims and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

.