Category: Russian Federation

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The first internship for teachers in local government bodies of St. Petersburg has concluded at the Polytechnic University.

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University –

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In December, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University completed a pilot project to provide internships for teachers in local government bodies. "Open Municipality: Best Practices in St. Petersburg."

The internship program was implemented jointly with the Council of Municipalities of St. Petersburg, which celebrated its 20th anniversary on December 17. The long-standing collaboration between the Council and the Polytechnic University is aimed at developing the human resources potential of municipal services, implementing modern management practices, and improving the quality of training for local government specialists.

The purpose of the internship was to improve and enhance the professional skills of teachers in the field of local government, as well as to integrate current municipal management practices into the university's educational process.

As part of the program, participants studied the theoretical foundations of local self-government in the Russian Federation and St. Petersburg, including the regulatory and financial aspects of local government activities. They analyzed the practices of St. Petersburg municipalities in the areas of public improvement, public relations, interdepartmental collaboration, the use of information and analytical technologies, and the development of leisure, sports, and educational initiatives.

The event was attended by teachers of the Higher School of Public and Municipal Administration of the Institute of Meteorology and Technology, as well as heads of municipalities and representatives of the Council of Municipalities of St. Petersburg, including: Deputy Executive Director of the Council of Municipalities of St. Petersburg Yulia Slav, Head of the MO "Akademicheskoe" Igor Pyzhik, Head of the MA MO "Akademicheskoe" Elena Korotkova, Head of the MO "Liteyny Okrug" Pavel Daynyak, Member of the Youth Council of the MO "Liteyny Okrug" Andrey Zaretsky, Head of the Department of Improvement of the MA VMO SPb MO "Polyustrovo" Mikhail Artemenok, Chief Specialist of the Department of Improvement of the MA VMO SPb MO "Polyustrovo" Anton Baranov, Deputy Director of the MKU "Improvement Service" of the MO "Vasilievsky" Anastasia Zakimatova.

The work was conducted using the "World Café" technology. Participants developed solutions to key municipal development issues, such as landscaping, organizing interdepartmental cooperation, and building effective dialogue with the public.

Following the discussions, three comprehensive projects were developed, providing for the full implementation of the principle of subsidiarity, a clearer distribution of powers among government bodies, the creation of a unified information environment with elements of artificial intelligence, the implementation of lean management principles in the activities of local government bodies, and the development of practice-oriented interdisciplinary educational programs in the field of urban management.

The "Open Municipality" project is an important step toward bringing the university closer to real-world management practices. "It's crucial for us that faculty have the opportunity to directly interact with local governments, understand the current needs of their territories, and translate this practical experience into the educational process. This format of collaboration improves the quality of training and develops students' practical understanding of the modern urban governance system," said Maxim Ivanov, IPMEIT Deputy Director for Promising Projects and Youth Policy.

At the end of the event, the participants summarized the results of the pilot internship and agreed on further development of their cooperation. Plans include developing methodological recommendations for key areas of local government activity, implementing joint educational programs, promoting municipal service, and launching the next phase of the project—"Open Municipality 2.0."

Internship participants—HSSU lecturers Yulia Slav, Igor Pyzhik, and Pavel Daynyak—were awarded certificates of completion from the Council of Municipalities of St. Petersburg.

The "Open Municipality" internship has become an effective platform for professional dialogue between representatives of municipalities and the university community. It's important for us not only to share best practices from St. Petersburg's local governments but also to collaborate with the university to develop modern approaches to training specialists for municipal service. I am confident that the results of this internship will find practical application both in the educational process and in the activities of the city's municipalities," noted Yulia Slav, Deputy Executive Director of the Council of Municipalities of St. Petersburg.

By the end of January, the participants will be developing teaching materials for the subjects taught, based on the data obtained during the internship. Real-life cases and best municipal practices will be incorporated into the training of specialists for local governments. A collection of best practices from St. Petersburg municipalities is also planned for publication.

Participating in the "Open Municipality" internship allowed me to gain a fresh perspective on the work of local government in St. Petersburg. Live interaction with municipal leaders, analysis of real-life management cases, and joint project work provided valuable practical insights that will soon be integrated into the educational process. This format of interaction between the university and municipalities makes the training of future specialists more practical and responsive to modern requirements, shared Tamara Selentyeva, Associate Professor at the Graduate School of Public Administration.

The implementation of the "Open Municipality" project opens new horizons for collaboration between the Polytechnic University and the city's municipalities, strengthens the connection between education and practice, and improves the quality of training for local government personnel.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

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Congratulations to the faculty and staff who received their degrees and successfully defended their dissertations in 2025.

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering –

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In 2025, a number of SPbGASU faculty and staff successfully defended their doctoral and candidate dissertations. Several members of the university's faculty and administrative staff were awarded new academic degrees. Congratulations and best wishes for continued success in their academic endeavors!

Awarded the degree of Doctor of Science

By Order No. 692 of the Russian Ministry of Education and Science dated July 8, the degree of Doctor of Economics was awarded to Alexander Vasilyevich Kharitonovich, professor in the Department of Construction Management. His dissertation title was "Development of a Methodology for Managing Change in Large Geographically Distributed Economic Systems (using Investment and Construction Complexes as an Example)." The dissertation defense took place on March 27 before Dissertation Council 24.2.339.11, established at the Moscow State University of Civil Engineering.

By Order No. 1101/nk of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated November 24, the degree of Doctor of Engineering Sciences was awarded to Anatoly Ivanovich Osokin, Head of the Department of Geotechnics. The topic of his dissertation was "Conceptual Foundations and Practical Application of the Principles of Scientific and Technical Justification and Support for Underground Construction in Soft Soils." The dissertation defense took place on June 18 before Dissertation Council 24.2.380.04, established at our university.

By Order No. 1101/nk of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated November 24, the degree of Doctor of Engineering Sciences was awarded to Daria Mikhailovna Denisikhina, Associate Professor of the Department of Heat, Gas Supply, and Ventilation. Her dissertation title was "Scientific Foundations of Mathematical Modeling of Air Exchange and Air Distribution in Public Buildings." The dissertation defense took place on June 17 before Dissertation Council 24.2.380.03, established at our university.

Awarded the academic degree of Candidate of Sciences

By Order No. 01-17908/001 dated October 14, Artemy Igorevich Taranov, senior lecturer in the Department of Construction Economics and Housing and Utilities, was awarded the degree of Candidate of Sciences in Economics. His dissertation topic was "Ensuring Economic Security for a Construction Organization." The dissertation defense took place on September 12 before the Dissertation Council of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.

By Order No. 1033/nk of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated October 23, the degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences was awarded to Denis Sergeevich Orlov, senior lecturer in the Department of Ground Transport and Technological Machines. The topic of his dissertation was "A Method for Calculating the Parameters of Hydropneumatic Shock Absorbers in Transport and Technological Machines." The dissertation defense took place on May 27 before Dissertation Council 24.2.380.05, established at our university.

By Order 1195/nk of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated December 12, the degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences was awarded to Yuri Nikolaevich Zgoda, a Category II specialist at the Digital Competencies Educational Center. His dissertation topic was "Research and Development of High-Performance Algorithms for Calculating Thin-Walled Shell Structures." The dissertation defense took place on September 24 before Dissertation Council 24.2.387.06 at the Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University "LETI."

Successfully defended dissertations

Yaroslav Vladimirovich Vasiliev, Associate Professor in the Department of Ground Transport and Technological Machines, successfully defended his dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Engineering Sciences this year. His dissertation topic was "Scientific Foundations for Ensuring the Effectiveness of Road Transport Expertise and Expert Prevention of Accidents Involving Pedestrians." The defense took place on October 28th before Dissertation Council 24.2.380.05, established at our university.

Defended dissertations for the degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences:

Alexander Sergeevich Dmitriev, director of the “Smart Work” testing ground, assistant of the department of technosphere safety (dissertation topic “Development of a methodology for managing changes in large geographically distributed economic systems (using the example of investment and construction complexes)”, defense took place on November 26 in the dissertation council 24.2.361.02 on the basis of the Volga State Technological University);
Alena Andreevna Vedernikova, and. O. Head of the Department of Information and Mathematical Modeling Technologies (the topic of the dissertation is “Development of a method for calculating pipe-concrete structural elements at the limit and beyond stages of work”, the defense took place on December 2 at the dissertation council 24.2.380.01 at our university);
Alina Vitalievna Kvashuk, senior lecturer of the Department of Geotechnics (theme of the dissertation is “The influence of pollution of sandy soils with petroleum products on the condition of the foundations of structures”, the defense took place on December 9 in the dissertation council 24.2.380.04 on the basis of our university);
Ivan Borisovich Bashmakov, senior lecturer at the Department of Geotechnics (dissertation topic – “The influence of weak water-saturated silty-clayey soils on pit fencing taking into account excess pore pressures”, the defense took place on December 9 in the dissertation council 24.2.380.04 on the basis of our university);
Victoria Igorevna Tkachenko, assistant at the department of technology of building materials and metrology (the topic of the dissertation is “Modifier of cement composites based on nanocellulose”, the defense took place on December 15 at the dissertation council 24.2.380.04 at our university);
Sergey Aleksandrovich Cherevko, senior lecturer at the Department of Technology of Building Materials and Metrology (the topic of the dissertation is “Modifier of building mixtures based on airborne lime”, the defense took place on December 15 at the dissertation council 24.2.380.04 at our university);
Elizaveta Rostislavovna Magdina, assistant at the department of forensic examinations (theme of the dissertation is “Method for assessing the trafficability of wheeled transport-technological vehicles”, the defense took place on December 18 in the dissertation council 24.2.380.05 on the basis of our university).

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RUDN University scientists have identified AI "hallucinations" when diagnosing mental disorders.

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: Peoples'Friendship University of Russia

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Researchers from the RUDN University Faculty of Artificial Intelligence conducted a large-scale study that uncovered systematic errors in large-scale language models (LLMs) used to diagnose depression from text. This work, conducted jointly with colleagues from AIRI, the Federal Research Center for Control and Management of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Systematic Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, and the Moscow Branch of the International Association of Zoological Research (MBZUAI), not only identifies the problem but also lays the foundation for the development of more reliable and secure tools for detecting depression and anxiety.

"Our research is an important step toward trusted AI in medicine. We don't simply point out the shortcomings of AI tools; we propose approaches to overcoming them. The key challenge today is not blind trust in algorithms, but their integration into physician workflows as a proven and understandable decision-support tool. Patient safety and understanding the limitations of this technology are our absolute priority," noted Anton Poddubsky, Dean of the Faculty of Artificial Intelligence at RUDN University.

The main value of the study is its detailed comparison of existing large-scale language models (LLMs), as well as methods for their use and retraining for the tasks of detecting depression and anxiety from text, and an analysis of AI errors and "hallucinations" in these tasks with the participation of psychology experts. The work of the RUDN University scientists received recognition and was presented at the highly regarded international conference "Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing" (EMNLP). We spoke with the authors of the article to learn how the idea for the study came about, what AI "hallucinations" they identified, and the prospects for further development of the research.

How did the idea for research on this topic arise and why is it relevant and important?

In recent years, there has been growing interest in text-based mental health diagnostics and the use of AI in this field, as well as in the application of LLM in medicine in general. However, most studies rely on English-language data and ML models; comprehensive comparisons for the Russian language have not yet been conducted. This prompted us to explore LLM and other machine learning models for detecting depression and anxiety from text. We compared various models for both tasks and demonstrated which ones perform best in each case. We also conducted additional experiments to evaluate the quality of LLM generation from the perspective of expert psychologists. It turned out that, at this stage, LLMs produce answers of low quality. Specifically, in one experiment, we used LLM not only to determine the presence or absence of depression in a text author but also to generate an explanation for why the model reached this conclusion. It was in this experiment that we established that the explanations provided by modern models contain a significant number of errors from an expert perspective.

What is the main danger of such errors?

The danger lies in the fact that LLMs can produce unfounded or false conclusions ("hallucinations") that appear plausible to the end user. Such errors are difficult to detect without expert assistance, but they can lead to misinterpretation of depression symptoms.

What causes of AI errors have you identified? What is it about mental health conversations that so confuses even the most advanced language models?

Clinical psychologists analyzed the LLM responses and identified errors from an expert perspective. We identified six main types of errors: tautology, unfounded generalizations, false conclusions, confabulations, misrepresentation of medical concepts of depression, and incomplete listing of its symptoms. It's worth noting that, from a machine learning perspective, all of these errors can be described as "hallucinations," but in psychology-related tasks, a more precise categorization is needed. A characteristic of the texts used to detect depression is the difficulty of interpreting them. People often describe their condition indirectly, using metaphors, and text does not always directly reflect signs of mental disorders. Furthermore, the task of detecting depression from text is challenging for non-specialized models, as most of them are not trained on psychological or medical data.

What are the prospects for the development of this research?

The next step could be specialized retraining of LLMs on large datasets for depression and anxiety detection. The current experiments used a relatively small amount of data, which could limit the final quality of the models.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

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The size of China's key AI industries will exceed 1 trillion yuan in 2025.

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: People's Republic of China in Russian – People's Republic of China in Russian –

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Source: People's Republic of China – State Council News

BEIJING, December 26 (Xinhua) — China has achieved significant achievements in industrial scientific and technological innovation by 2025, with the value of key artificial intelligence (AI) industries exceeding 1 trillion yuan (about 142 billion U.S. dollars), according to a national working conference on industry and information technology held Friday.

The meeting noted that, as part of its 2026 agenda, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China is paying special attention to the development of emerging industries and industries of the future, as well as supporting research and development in the field of artificial intelligence. -0-

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China's installed power generation capacity shows steady growth

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Source: People's Republic of China in Russian – People's Republic of China in Russian –

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Source: People's Republic of China – State Council News

BEIJING, December 26 (Xinhua) — As of the end of November 2025, China's total installed power generation capacity reached 3.79 billion kW, up 17.1 percent year-on-year, according to data released Friday by the National Energy Administration.

In particular, according to the agency, the installed capacity of solar power plants increased by 41.9 percent year-on-year to 1.16 billion kW, while wind power capacity increased by 22.4 percent to 600 million kW.

China has created the world's largest clean energy system and carbon trading market. During the 14th Five-Year Plan period (2021-2025), green electricity accounted for a third of the country's total electricity consumption.

China has pledged to accelerate green transformation across the board and build a “Beautiful China” within the next five years.

The country's electricity consumption, a key barometer of economic activity, rose 6.2 percent year-on-year in November, according to previously released data from the National Energy Administration.

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Taiwanese lawmakers voted to impeach Taiwan's chief executive, Lai Qingde.

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Source: People's Republic of China in Russian – People's Republic of China in Russian –

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Source: People's Republic of China – State Council News

TAIPEI, Dec. 26 (Xinhua) — A motion to impeach Taiwan Chief Executive Lai Qing-de, submitted by lawmakers from the Kuomintang and Taiwan People's Party, was approved by the island's legislature on Friday.

According to procedures, the legislature is expected to hold an impeachment vote on May 19, 2026. -0-

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On December 26, 2025, Gazprom-Media Holding summarized the results of the PROfnavigator project for December.

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: Gazprom – An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

Gazprom-Media Holding is actively working with the younger generation interested in the media sector as a potential avenue for professional growth. Through the PROfnavigator project, the Holding helps young people choose a career in the media industry and develop pre-professional skills. Eleven events were held in December.

On December 5, at the conference "The Voice of Heroes: Tools, Practices, and Case Studies of New Media," Georgy Ryumin, creative producer at GPM KIT, held a master class titled "Stories Around Us: Storytelling Basics, the Concept of Film Language, and the Structure of a Good Story."

On December 6, Georgy Ryumin held a master class for student media directors and staff, titled "What a Producer Sees in Film: About the Hero, About Dialogue, About Understanding Complex Films, and Why Watch Them."

On December 9, students from the media class at School No. 630 visited Energy Radio Station and immersed themselves in the modern radio industry. Energy producer Bogdan Kantemirov led a fascinating masterclass on creating on-air content and radio show programming. The students interviewed Roma Mironov and Dasha Kudrich, hosts of the morning show "JOYSTICKS."

On December 11, Georgy Ryumin held a master class at the Insight People creative hub on the topic of "Creativity."

On December 15, GPM RTV experts Yulia Vugina, Irina Ovchinnikova, and Olga Turkina spoke to students at Far Eastern Federal University about powerful brand promotion tools and engaging audiences. The experts analyzed key brand promotion methods—collaborations, integrations, and PR—and demonstrated how they are applied in various industries. They focused on the role of communications management in the work of a modern professional and the versatility of marketing tools, which are equally effective in media, sports, and mass events. The experts shared practical case studies of project promotion and explained how to build communications around major events and brands. The students learned how collaborations and integrations help attract and retain audience attention, and how PR is becoming a strategic growth tool.

On December 16, the National Center "Russia" hosted the premiere of the animated series "Tekhnolike," created by YARKO with the support of IRI. The screening was held for students of the Movement of the First. "Tekhnolike" tells the story of a teenage girl in the cyberpunk genre. Together with her friends, she tries to navigate the digital world and learn how to communicate online. After the screening, a discussion with the project team took place about how animation can help develop cybersecurity skills in children. Through series, teenagers experience the situation alongside the characters and draw their own conclusions. And this is more powerful than dry instructions or any "don'ts" from adults.

On December 16-17, Georgy Ryumin recorded a podcast with four bloggers as part of the Insight People conference. Representatives of Gazprom-Media Holding also participated in a pitch session for 11 regional bloggers' media and social projects, titled "Insight People."

On December 22, Georgy Ryumin conducted a career guidance tour at the GPM KIT office for applicants to Film College No. 40.

On December 23, 220 students from media classes and the Yunarmiya (Youth Army) attended the RUTUBE New Year's Eve party, "New Year at Hogwarts," at the Moskva Concert Hall in Ostrov Mechty Park. The RUTUBE video service, in collaboration with the Imperial Orchestra, created a unique experience for fans of the Harry Potter universe and admirers of the music of legendary Hollywood composer John Williams, whose melodies feature in the famous film adaptations. The media class students combined business with pleasure, filming a report about their visit and interviewing the conductor of the Imperial Orchestra.

On December 24, Georgy Ryumin held a master class on production and a tour of the GPM KIT office for Yunarmiya students. The children also watched the film "Palma 2."

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

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Memory and Science: Polytechnicians Receive Awards for Research on the History of the Siege of Leningrad

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University –

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The Nevskaya Ratusha hosted an awards ceremony for the winners of the 2025 competition to conduct research on the history of the defense and siege of Leningrad. This year's winners included seven students, graduate students, and staff members from the Polytechnic Institute of Humanities.

The competition was held by the Committee for Science and Higher Education of the Government of St. Petersburg in accordance with the activities of the state program of St. Petersburg "Knowledge Economy in St. Petersburg", approved by the Decree of the Government of St. Petersburg dated 23.06.2014 No. 496, and the Resolution of the Government of St. Petersburg dated 01.08.2022 No. 695 "On the prizes of the Government of St. Petersburg for the winners of the competition for conducting research on the history of the defense and siege of Leningrad."

This competition is of great importance both for popularizing knowledge about the war and the siege and for helping young people determine what is most important to them. It's also a great help to the Institute of Defense and Siege of Leningrad, which was established at the behest of the city's governor within our Siege Memorial Museum," noted Petr Tishchenko, Chairman of the St. Petersburg Archives Committee.

In addition to the prestigious award and the opportunity to contribute to preserving the memory of great events, the winners will receive prizes ranging from 50,000 to 200,000 rubles. In 2024, these prizes were increased by a decision of St. Petersburg Governor Alexander Beglov.

By decree of the St. Petersburg Government, 25 prizes were awarded based on the results of the competition. Seven of these were awarded to representatives of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University.

In the "Undergraduates" category, the award winners were Polina Krison and Anna Malinina. In the "Graduate Students and Adjuncts" category, the award winners were Tatyana Gavrilova and Alexandra Dmitrieva. In the "Young Scientists" category, the award winner was Ekaterina MushenkoIn the "Young PhD Candidates" category, Dmitry Vycherov and Maxim Ganin won awards.

For many years, I've been studying various aspects of the daily lives of Soviet children and adolescents during the Great Patriotic War. In this context, in recent years, I've begun researching childhood during the siege of Leningrad. As a result of this research, new documents have been introduced into scholarly circulation, providing valuable insights into the evacuation of children and adolescents from Leningrad. I submitted my research for the competition, examining the restoration of the Pioneer camp network in 1944-1945," shared Dmitry Vycherov, Associate Professor at the Higher School of Social Sciences.

Students and young scholars carefully studied the archives, collecting, bit by bit, reliable data on the events and people of a fateful era in the history of our city, the country, and the world. Polina Krison, a student at the Higher School of International Relations, dedicated her research to her native Pavlovsk, specifically to Anna Zelenova, director of the Pavlovsk Palace during the Great Patriotic War.

"My family has lived in St. Petersburg for exactly six generations, and I'm proud to be a St. Petersburger, a resident of a city with such a unique and challenging history. "The history of Leningrad during the Great Patriotic War has been the subject of countless studies, yet the equally interesting and significant events that took place in its suburbs are often overlooked. Therefore, for me, promoting Pavlovsk, my small homeland, and the heroism of its residents and individuals is not only a personal interest but also an honor I bear with pride," said Polina Krison, a student at the Graduate School of Management.

Photo: Press Service of the Committee on Science and Higher Education of the Government of St. Petersburg

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The cremation of former NPC Standing Committee Vice Chairman Peng Peiyun took place in Beijing.

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: People's Republic of China in Russian – People's Republic of China in Russian –

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Source: People's Republic of China – State Council News

BEIJING, Dec. 26 (Xinhua) — Peng Peiyun, former vice chairwoman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC), was cremated in Beijing on Friday.

Xi Jinping, Li Qiang, Zhao Leji, Wang Huning, Cai Qi, Ding Xuexiang, Li Xi, Han Zheng and Hu Jintao either visited Peng Peiyun during her hospital stay or expressed their deep sorrow and condolences to her family in various forms after her death.

Peng Peiyun died on December 21 in Beijing at the age of 96. She was a former member of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, vice chairwoman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, and chairwoman and honorary chairwoman of the All-China Women's Federation.

On Friday, Zhao Leji, Cai Qi, Ding Xuexiang, and Han Zheng, on behalf of the CPC Central Committee, paid their last respects to Peng Peiyun at the Babaoshan Revolutionary Memorial Cemetery, conveying deep condolences to the deceased's family from General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee Xi Jinping and other leaders. -0-

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China has released the results of its final audit of its 2024 GDP data.

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Source: People's Republic of China in Russian – People's Republic of China in Russian –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

Source: People's Republic of China – State Council News

BEIJING, Dec. 26 (Xinhua) — China's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024 was projected to be 134.8066 trillion yuan (about 19.16 trillion U.S. dollars) in the final audit, down 101.8 billion yuan from the preliminary estimate, the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) said Friday.

According to the State Statistical Office, the final confirmed rate of GDP growth in 2024 remained at 5 percent, unchanged from the preliminary estimate.

China's annual GDP data undergoes two accounting stages: preliminary calculation and final verification. The final verification is conducted based on annual statistical data, final financial statements, and departmental administrative reports. -0-

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.