Category: Russia

Posted on

Two people were killed in a stabbing attack outside a Manchester synagogue, and the suspect was shot dead.

Translation. Region: Russian Federal

Source: People's Republic of China in Russian – People's Republic of China in Russian –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

Source: People's Republic of China – State Council News

London, October 2 (Xinhua) — Two people were killed Thursday in a stabbing outside the Heaton Park Jewish Community Synagogue on Middleton Road in Crumpsall, a suburb of Manchester, UK, police confirmed.

According to a statement from Greater Manchester Police, a third man, believed to be the attacker, was shot dead by officers with a firearm and is also presumed dead. His identity has not yet been confirmed due to suspicious objects found on his body, which necessitated the call of the bomb squad.

As a result of the attack, three more people were injured and are in serious condition.

British Prime Minister Keir Starmer said in a statement that "extra police have been deployed to synagogues across the country."

According to law enforcement, law enforcement officers were called at 9:31 a.m. local time after a witness reported a car driving toward pedestrians and a man being stabbed. Officers fired their firearms at 9:38 a.m., fatally shooting the suspect.

Manchester Mayor Andy Burnham previously told the BBC that people should "avoid the area," but reassured that "the immediate danger appears to have passed." –0–

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

Posted on

The International Court of Justice begins hearing a case on workers' right to strike.

Translation. Region: Russian Federal

Source: United Nations – United Nations –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

October 2, 2025 International law

On Monday, October 6, the International Court of Justice will begin hearings on the protection of workers' rights to strike. The outcome of this case could significantly impact labor law worldwide.

Over the next three days, judges at the Peace Palace in The Hague will hear arguments on this matter. The case was prompted by a request from the International Labour Organization (ILO), which requested an advisory opinion on Convention No. 87 – a key 1948 treaty guaranteeing freedom of association. Despite its fundamental importance, states still disagree on whether the convention extends to the right to strike.

The ILO Governing Body acknowledged back in November 2023 that there were "serious differences of opinion" among the organization's members and sent a request to the Court.

Twenty states and five international organizations have announced their participation in the hearings. The United States and Brazil, which have not ratified the convention, and the Organization of African, Caribbean, and Pacific States (OACP), have also been admitted to the process.

Although the Court's advisory opinions are not binding, they have had a significant impact on the development of international law and state practice. Since 1946, the Court has issued approximately 30 such opinions. The most recent of these concerned Israeli policy in the Palestinian territories And obligations of states to combat climate change.

The right to strike case is expected to have a wide impact, with unions, employers and governments closely monitoring it as one of the most contentious issues in modern labour law.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

.

Posted on

UN High Commissioner for Human Rights on racism: The truth must be revealed and accepted

Translation. Region: Russian Federal

Source: United Nations – United Nations –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

October 1, 2025 Human rights

Colonialism, slavery, and the slave trade are more than just dark chapters of history. Their impact is felt today, fueling inequality and perpetuating systemic racism against people of African descent. This was the statement made by UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Türk during an interactive dialogue on racial justice held by the Human Rights Council.

Around the world, people of African descent face entrenched barriers and stereotypes in many areas, including education, healthcare, the labor market, and even the digital space, Türk noted.

“Systemic racism against Africans and people of African descent has been building for generations and can – and must – be eradicated,” the High Commissioner said.

He declared the need for "the truth to be revealed and accepted." "The damage caused must be compensated," Türk declared.

He noted that countries have acted differently in recent years. Some states, including Belgium, Brazil, Germany, and the Netherlands, have issued official apologies to affected communities or other countries.

In some countries, truth-telling initiatives have led to research. In others, such as Colombia, France, Mauritius, Mexico, Qatar, Senegal, and South Africa, museums have opened and commemorative days or months have been observed.

Photo by UN

In Belgium, Ghana, Mexico, Portugal, Spain, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Caribbean, monuments or place names associated with people involved in the slave trade or colonization have been identified, removed, or contextualized, although in some cases the opposite has been observed.

A number of museums, universities, religious groups, and companies have apologized for their past. Türk stated that more such initiatives should be undertaken.

They identified five areas of action that could contribute to the eradication of racism.

First, he believed that states must make specific commitments to promoting reparative justice. Second, consultations with affected communities must be conducted. He also emphasized the need for cooperation between countries and regions.

“I am encouraged by the growing number of such initiatives, including those of the African Union and CARICOM (Caribbean Community – editor’s note),” Türk said.

The High Commissioner also called for support for civil society organizations and for reforms at the global level, in particular by strengthening Africa's representation on the UN Security Council.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

.

Posted on

Millions were helped, but not everyone in need: lessons from the humanitarian operation in Ukraine

Translation. Region: Russian Federal

Source: United Nations – United Nations –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

October 1, 2025 Humanitarian aid

The full-scale war in Ukraine has presented international humanitarian organizations with an unprecedented challenge. In the first months of the conflict, millions of people were provided with food and cash payments, shelter, and medical care. However, a new UN report reveals that these impressive figures conceal gaps, and the system itself requires updating.

The Inter-Agency Standing Committee Evaluation Group report, prepared with the support of the World Food Programme (WFP), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the United Nations Office for Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), analyses the work of organizations involved in the humanitarian operation from 2022 to 2024.

According to the report, the Ukrainian experience shows that standard aid models designed for countries with weakened institutions are not suitable for countries with functioning governments and active civil societies.

Millions needed urgent help

Following Russia's invasion on February 24, 2022, the UN humanitarian system was activated the very next day. In a short period of time, large-scale deliveries of food, water, and essential supplies were quickly deployed, along with emergency support.

The World Food Programme became the largest operator of cash transfers and simultaneously continued food deliveries, gradually transitioning to cash-based formats as markets recovered. The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) established a network of children's and family centers in Spilno and supported displaced families. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) provided legal assistance, shelter, and financial support to those left homeless and affected by the war.

Lessons for the future

The report's authors emphasize that emergency assistance was provided promptly, but not always to those who needed it most. In the first months, there was a lack of accurate data on the most vulnerable groups—the elderly, people with disabilities, and members of ethnic minorities.

Millions of people received assistance and protection, but efforts did not always meet long-term priorities.

A separate chapter of the report is devoted to the role of Ukrainian non-governmental organizations. Many of them have extensive experience working in crises, but at the beginning of the war, they were effectively relegated to the background: they were used primarily as contractors for aid delivery, with little consideration given to their views in planning operations.

Shortcomings in coordination were also identified: there was not always mutual understanding between UN clusters, and the transition to restoring and integrating cash assistance into the social protection system was slow.

Restart the system

The so-called "humanitarian reset"—a process of reconsidering approaches to aid delivery—is currently underway. The report's authors call for a focus on local partners, more active involvement of Ukrainian agencies in the management of operations, and the development of a common strategy for transitioning from emergency support to sustainable recovery.

The document emphasizes the importance of not only distributing aid but also investing in long-term sustainability—restoring agriculture, integrating cash support into state social assistance systems, and creating jobs.

The numbers speak for themselves

According to the UN, 6.8 million Ukrainian refugees remained outside the country in 2024, with another 3.6 million people unable to return home within the country. In 2025, 12.7 million Ukrainians needed assistance, but due to funding cuts, the humanitarian plan had to be scaled back to support only 4.8 million of the most vulnerable.

While the UN emergency plan was nearly 90 percent funded in 2022, by 2025 donors had only covered about 70 percent of the needs. This resulted in a reduction in the scale of operations, and an increasing burden on the remaining humanitarian structures.

Lessons learned

The report emphasizes that Ukraine's experience should serve as a lesson for all humanitarian operations worldwide. Where state institutions and civil society are functioning, international aid should be more flexible, rely on local resources, and provide a clear path from crisis support to recovery and development.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

.

Posted on

Thousands of patients in Gaza, including malnourished children, need to be evacuated.

Translation. Region: Russian Federal

Source: United Nations – United Nations –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

October 1, 2025 Humanitarian aid

Israeli forces continue their offensive, attempting to establish full control over Gaza City. Meanwhile, according to Palestinian health authorities, 151 children have died from acute malnutrition in the Strip since the war began.

© UNICEF/R. Eleyan

One of the most recent victims was a nine-year-old girl, Jana. She was hospitalized twice, and both times she recovered. However, on September 17, she died. In August, Jana's sister, Juri, died of exhaustion.

"The world has failed Jan," said Tess Ingram, a spokeswoman for the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).

"The little girl was forced to endure terrible suffering because of deliberate decisions that restricted food access to the Gaza Strip," she added.

Lack of help

Ingram also noted that the enclave's healthcare system has been devastated by the war and children often do not receive the care they need.

"Her last hope—medical evacuation outside of Gaza—was dashed. No country was willing to accept Jana," a UNICEF representative said.

Currently, children with severe and moderate malnutrition receive specialized therapeutic products in the remaining functioning hospitals in the Strip. However, the World Health Organization (WHO) recently reported that four more clinics in northern Gaza have closed this month alone. Only 14 medical facilities are operational in the entire Strip, and all are overwhelmed, primarily due to the large number of trauma patients admitted.

According to UNICEF, the malnutrition crisis has reached catastrophic proportions: all children under five—more than 320,000—are at risk. In July alone, 13,000 children were diagnosed with acute wasting, a record high. Since the beginning of the year, this figure has increased by more than 500 percent.

"This war must end. Humanitarian supplies—food and nutritional support—must be allowed into the Gaza Strip. Aid workers must be allowed to do their jobs," Ingram said.

How medical evacuations work

WHO-coordinated evacuations of patients from Gaza follow a strict seven-step protocol, from the dispatch of doctors to coordination with host countries and subsequent approval by Israeli authorities.

According to the latest WHO data, 7,841 patients have left the sector since October 7, 2023, more than 5,330 of whom are children. However, approximately 15,600 people still require evacuation.

On September 29, WHO assisted in the evacuation of 14 patients and 38 accompanying persons to Jordan, and 15 patients and 65 accompanying persons to Italy from the Palestine Red Crescent field hospital in Al-Mawasi.

"Patients, their families, and doctors are leaving here, accompanied by ambulances, buses, and WHO staff, to safely pass through the fighting zone to the Kerem Shalom crossing," said Athanasios Gargavanis, a trauma surgeon at WHO who leads the organization's team in Gaza.

From there, patients are transported to Ramon Airport in southern Israel, after which they are sent to their host countries.

The WHO has once again called for the resumption of sending Gazans to the West Bank and East Jerusalem for treatment, and noted that the list of countries willing to accept patients should be expanded.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

.

Posted on

Central Asian countries at the UN General Assembly: Urgent appeal to save the region's glaciers and water resources

Translation. Region: Russian Federal

Source: United Nations – United Nations –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

October 1, 2025 Climate and environment

Heads of state of Central Asia 80th session of the UN General Assembly They issued a warning: accelerating glacier melt threatens millions of people with water and food shortages. The presidents of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan presented ambitious initiatives—from holding international forums to creating new institutions—aimed at averting the looming crisis.

Glaciers are melting, threats are growing

President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev noted, that the rate at which Central Asia is warming is twice the global average. He stated that the melting of glaciers in the Alatau Mountains "is multiplying the threats to water and food security for millions of people."

President of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon, in turn, provided data Of the country's 14,000 glaciers, more than 1,300 have already completely disappeared. These changes are causing floods, droughts, and dust storms, which directly impact water, energy, and food supplies.

President of Kyrgyzstan Sadyr Japarov I emphasizelthat its mountainous country is particularly vulnerable to droughts and dwindling water resources, threatening agriculture and biodiversity.

The Tragedy of the Inland Seas

Central Asian leaders paid special attention to environmental disasters associated with the region's largest bodies of water.

In particular, the President of Kazakhstan warned that the Caspian Sea is rapidly shrinking, calling it a "global alarm." Turkmenistan, meanwhile, reaffirmed its commitment to the Caspian Environmental Initiative.

© Public Association Aral Oasis

Uzbek President Shavkat Mirziyoyev emphasized that the consequences of the Aral Sea's shrinkage must remain a focus of the international community, and announced that the country has planted salt-resistant plants on two million hectares of dry seabed.

Conferences and forums

Central Asian leaders presented a wide range of proposals for holding regional and international events.

Thus, Kazakhstan will host the UN-supported Regional Environmental Summit in Astana in April 2026. Kyrgyzstan has invited all member states to participate in the Bishkek 25 summit in 2027, dedicated to the sustainable development of mountain regions.

Tajikistan will host a high-level international conference, which will serve as the basis for the UN Water Conference in 2028. Turkmenistan, in turn, proposed hosting the next Caspian Environmental Forum in 2026.

Uzbekistan announced preparations for a World Water Efficiency Forum and called for the development of a roadmap for the implementation of innovative water technologies.

New institutions and regional programs

In his speech, the President of Turkmenistan also proposed the creation of a Regional Center to Combat Desertification.

© UNICEF in Tajikistan

The Uzbek leader supported the idea of launching a regional hub for green technologies in collaboration with the UN and implementing programs for rational water use and greening of Central Asia.

The President of Kazakhstan proposed that the General Assembly establish an International Day of Greening the Planet (April 22) and support the International Year of Volunteers for Sustainable Development – 2026.

Climate diplomacy

Uzbekistan called for the conclusion of a Global Compact on Climate Migration, noting the lack of international mechanisms in this area.

Kyrgyzstan emphasized the interconnectedness of natural systems – “from mountains to oceans” – and proposed redirecting $3 trillion in annual military spending toward improving quality of life, environmental protection, and clean air.

Central Asian leaders unanimously emphasize that unless decisive action is taken today, regional environmental challenges will escalate into global crises. They called on the international community to support these initiatives and actively participate in the upcoming events.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

.

Posted on

Developing soft skills and engaging leisure activities: First-year students attended the "Opportunity Fair"

Translation. Region: Russian Federal

Source: Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

Getting to Know the Student Media Center

For several days, student activists set up exhibitions of numerous studios, projects, and associations operating within our university's extracurricular activities at various locations within the main building of SPbGASU. A wide range of leisure, creative, and sports activities were showcased at the large-scale "Opportunity Fair."

Useful activities and interesting leisure time

The "Opportunity Fair" is primarily organized for first-year students who are still adapting to student life, explained Irina Nuryeva, Head of the Youth Policy Department at SPbGASU. According to her, this traditional annual event has proven effective, attracting a large number of students to associations.

At the associations' booths set up in the "Growth Point" public space, visitors and event organizers engaged in lively conversations: the former asked questions, while the latter answered them in detail and described the benefits of specific activities, drawing on their practical experience. For example, Anastasia Kozlova, a fourth-year construction student, joined the "Adapters" project in her first year. Before heading the project, she was an adapter for the construction faculty. The adapters' goal is to help first-year students integrate into student life. But the project also benefits the activists themselves.

"Being an adapter is awesome! The project gives you the opportunity to develop as a leader and learn the principles of team building. It also serves as a great springboard for other endeavors. For example, many of the students who serve on our university's student council began their community service through our project. Working as an adapter helps you develop flexible skills that are essential for your future career, because your ability to communicate, negotiate, and communicate goals will determine your success. Our project has broad goals and objectives: we're looking for ambitious, responsible, responsive, and goal-oriented individuals who are willing to grow despite any challenges," Anastasia explained.

Along with already successful projects, new student associations are emerging at SPbGASU. One such association is the "Whisper of a Campfire" tourism club. Its leader is Maria Karakulova, a third-year student in the Faculty of Civil Engineering. Last academic year, she participated in two federal projects: the District Educational Forum "Student Tourism of the Northwestern Federal District 2025" in Arkhangelsk and the All-Russian Tourism Rally "Mayovka" in Pyatigorsk. In Arkhangelsk, Maria attended lectures on youth tourism trends and then learned about active tourism, which sparked her interest. It was presented on a larger scale in Pyatigorsk.

"At the Mayovka rally in Pyatigorsk, I attended lectures by the Association for the Development of Active Youth Tourism (ARMAT) and was inspired by the idea of creating a hiking club at our university. It turns out there was one several years ago, but it closed when its student founders graduated. We're just getting started, and for now, we plan to go on day hikes through the cities and natural areas of the Leningrad Region and create ecological trails. As we develop the necessary hiking skills and acquire equipment, we'll expand the range and geography of our routes. We also plan to organize lectures on various types of tourism and collaborate with the youth extreme sports club "Spasatel" on rock climbing. We're looking for active students willing to travel, train, and organize events," explained Maria Karakulova.

Student groups set up their booths in the gym. First-year construction student Ivan Izotov admits he was impressed by the number of interesting groups, and interacting with their representatives was a pleasant experience.

"Today I learned not only about student associations, but also about their benefits, interesting projects, and opportunities. Everyone here is friendly and eager to share their experiences. For example, as part of a student construction team, you can work on a construction site and gain experience, earn a salary, and complete an internship. I intend to work in my chosen field, so I immediately appreciated these opportunities," Ivan shared.

Each faculty has its own projects

One day of the “Opportunity Fair” was dedicated to presentations of initiatives and projects operating within the faculties.

Second-year architecture student Victoria Duzenko manages the Arkkino and READING GROUP projects.

"Arkhkino is a film screening and coworking space in a cozy studio atmosphere. We watch films together and discuss them. "READING GROUP" has been around for about five years, where we read and discuss books over tea in a comfortable setting. We start by introducing the plot and only then move on to the discussion, so we invite even those who haven't read the book on the program. We hold these events regularly; they're popular and attract 20-25 participants," said Victoria Duzenko.

First-year student Petr Gromov lingered at the Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Urban Management booth for a reason: he's a student there. He was told about the student body recruitment process and projects. "That's all interesting, but I enjoy playing guitar and would like to continue playing music: is there an opportunity for that at the university?" he asked. He was advised to contact the Kirpich Student Leisure and Creativity Center, which was also participating in the "Opportunity Fair."

Andrey Slastin, a second-year student in the Faculty of Civil Engineering, is already part of the team and is talking to first-year students about its initiatives. Meanwhile, he's also interested in projects from other departments. After speaking with activists from the Faculty of Economics and Management, he decided to participate in the "Musicality" project.

"The student councils and faculty leaders at our university are friendly, so we attend each other's events. We spend our free time together and share experiences. Our faculty invites everyone to our annual events: Construction Week, Brick Day, and Designer's Day. There are so many projects, it's impossible to list them all," shared Andrey Slastin.

Our guest is Tavrida

Anna Valyaeva, a specialist in the educational services department at the Tavrida Art Cluster, took part in the "Opportunity Fair."

"The Tavrida Art Cluster is a creative ecosystem of projects located in Kapsel Bay near Sudak in Crimea. Tavrida offers both students and active young people under 35 the opportunity to develop in their chosen field. There are many areas. For example, a music label, where a team of producers, artists, and musicians support the creativity of young artists of all genres, helping to realize their bold ideas and organize spectacular shows. We also have the Yug. Kino studio, the largest film, web, and television production studio in southern Russia, where participants can shoot their own films. The Art Cluster's publishing house provides professional support for the publication of fiction, research, guidebooks, books on contemporary art, and patriotic and historical publications. To participate in projects and educational programs, you can submit an application and request information on the Tavrida website," explained Anna Valyaeva.

A specialist gave a detailed presentation of Tavrida's projects to the "Opportunity Fair" participants. Incidentally, our university's students already have successful experience participating in this art cluster, and judging by the reaction of those present, the number of participants will increase.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

Posted on

Vladimir Stroev spoke at the lecture hall of the V International Financial Security Olympiad.

Translation. Region: Russian Federal

Source: Official website of the State –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

The Siberian Federal University continues its intensive educational program for finalists of the 5th International Financial Security Olympiad, with Vladimir Stroyev, Rector of the State University of Management, participating.

Rectors of the country's leading universities, which train specialists in various fields of technological, economic, legal, and information security, give lectures to Olympiad participants and SFU students.

The lecture by the rector of the State University of Management (GUU) focused on the domestic governance model. Vladimir Stroyev discussed its characteristics, which partly correspond to the principles of the planned economy developed and successfully applied in the USSR. A particularly interesting feature of the lecture was a critical analysis of the Russian governance model proposed by artificial intelligence. The rector pointed out to the students typical cliches and stereotypes about the Russian economy that the AI had gleaned from Western scientific literature.

"The problem is that they're trying to apply traditional Western governance models to Russia, but given geopolitical, cultural, and historical circumstances, these models are ineffective and sometimes even dangerous for the country. Moreover, some of the country's governance know-how is now being successfully used worldwide, but credited to everyone but Russia," Vladimir Stroyev noted.

The rector of the State University of Management then went on to examine in detail the historical and cultural origins of the Russian model of governance, including geography, the communal and collectivist nature of the Russian people, the influence of Orthodoxy with its idea of service, and the Soviet legacy of a planned economy.

Vladimir Stroyev mentioned the significant contribution of Olimpiada Kozlova, rector of the Moscow Engineering and Economics Institute (now the State University of Management), to the systematization and theoretical substantiation of management science in our country, whose work laid the foundation for the subsequent development of management in the USSR and Russia.

"Today, the Russian economy and the domestic management school are being called mobilizational, in an attempt to prove that Russia cannot live in peace. But most of the country's crises occurred precisely when attempts were made to apply European management models to us, without adaptation, without taking into account our traditions and mentality. The Russian management school needs to be studied, implemented, and described," Vladimir Stroyev concluded.

Let us remind you that three students from the Institute of Economics and Finance of the State University of Management and three students from our Pre-University School made it to the Olympiad finals.

Subscribe to the "Our GUU" Telegram channel. Publication date: October 2, 2025.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

Posted on

Orchestra

Translation. Region: Russian Federal

Source: Moscow Government – Moscow Government –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

The Phoenix Cultural Center will host the premiere of the play "Orchestra" by the senior group of the Faces School of Performing Arts, based on the play by Jean Anouilh and directed by Georgy Mulika.

The action takes place in post-war France, where a small orchestra entertains guests at a resort. But behind the music lie tragic stories that the musicians re-live on stage. The production transcends the confines of a play and becomes a tale of humanity in all its diversity and contradictions. Love and jealousy, youth and old age, war and peace, life and death—all are expressed through the language of theater, dance, and music, evoking the deepest emotions in the audience.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

Posted on

Pumpkin Party

Translation. Region: Russian Federal

Source: Moscow Government – Moscow Government –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

The Shabolovke Gallery invites you to a costumed event, "Pumpkin Party," for parents and children. The entire evening will be held in English in a playful and friendly atmosphere, led by teachers from Alexandra Kleshchina's immersive language studio.

Guests can expect a costume parade, dancing and cheerful songs in English, the traditional game of Apple Bobbing, a web of challenges with unusual tasks, a master class on creating pumpkins, spiders, and ghosts, and a candy game.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.