RUDN University medical students on their participation in the "ANATOMY and I" Universiade

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: Peoples'Friendship University of Russia

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The RUDN University Medical Institute team, "Leonardo's Shelf," won bronze in the overall team competition at the VIII Moscow International Universiade in Human Anatomy, "ANATOM and I." The competition, dedicated to the 100th anniversary of Academician M.R. Sapin, was held at Sechenov University and brought together 20 teams from medical universities in Russia and neighboring countries.

From theory to practice

The Universiade, held under the motto "Eternal Love, Heartfelt Love!", included several stages. Students demonstrated their knowledge in a theoretical test and mastery of Latin terminology, as well as their mastery in a practical competition using cadaveric materials. One of the key tasks was preparing a report on the topic "Humanity in the 22nd Century: Friend or Foe of the Universe," in which participants reflected on the long-term implications of artificial intelligence and regenerative medicine.

The RUDN team's bronze medal success is the result of the coordinated work of five students from the professional student association "Afor":

Grokhotova Valeria (2nd year); Safa Tatyana (3rd year); Ganem Raged (2nd year); Malchikova Diana (2nd year); Oraeva Dzhumagul (2nd year).

The team's preparation was led by Oleg Aleksandrovich Zaiko, senior lecturer in the Department of Human Anatomy and candidate of medical sciences, and Levon Vaagnovich Turadzhyan, assistant professor in the department.

The Key to the Language of Medicine

Participating in the Universiade was an invaluable experience for the students, extending beyond the curriculum. Raghed Ghanem shared that the Olympiad helped him see anatomy not as a collection of terminology, but as a coherent system.

"I'm especially grateful to my mentor, Levon Vaagnovich Turadzhyan, for teaching me not just to memorize Latin, but to 'see' the real structures behind the words. Thanks to his methods, I can now mentally reconstruct anatomical structures and confidently use the terms. This turned memorization into engaging learning. The Olympiad demonstrated that knowledge of Latin is the key to the professional language of medicine. And even though the results weren't perfect, I left feeling one step closer to mastery," noted Raged Ghanem.

For Diana Malchikova, this was her first experience participating in an in-person event of this level. She noted that theory in anatomy is the ability to correctly apply the information learned.

"The emotions at the competition were indescribable: from the excitement of the teams' performances to the nerves before the competition. I'm grateful to my teacher, Oleg Aleksandrovich Zaiko, who helped me develop a love for anatomy," added Diana Mal'chikova.

Valeria Grokhotova, team captain and participant in the "Kadaver" competition, is confident that the team's success is the result of a systematic approach and hard work.

"Thanks to the colloquium structure at our university, demonstrating practical skills wasn't a problem. The most helpful were the classes on the nervous system with Oleg Aleksandrovich Zaiko," emphasized Valeria Grokhotova.

Dzhumagul Oraeva competed for the team in the "Game" competition. According to her, the challenge was based on the board game "Monopoly."

"You had to throw a chip, answer theoretical questions, and move forward on the board. The game was engaging and interactive—it required you to draw on knowledge from all areas of anatomy," said Dzhumagul Oraeva.

Deep Space Cardiology Challenges

This isn't Tatyana Safa's first Olympiad, and she considers the process of preparing for the competition with a team of like-minded students the most valuable. The student noted that studying anatomy is a delicate process that requires time, patience, perseverance, and dedication.

"At the Olympiad, I presented a paper on 'Overcoming the Cardiology Challenges of Deep Space: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in 22nd Century Medicine.' In it, I covered key aspects: the selection of cosmonauts with a high physiological reserve, the adaptation and remodeling of the cardiovascular system in zero-gravity conditions, the development of autonomous AI-based medical systems for diagnosis and treatment in conditions of delayed communication with Earth, as well as the risks and ethical dilemmas of implementing AI," noted Tatyana Safa.

Students who attended Tatiana's presentation approached her to tell her that it was the best report in the competition.

The achievement of the RUDN University Medical Institute team is another example of the successful combination of academic knowledge, extracurricular work at the PSO, and mentorship from the faculty.

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China calls on Ukraine to immediately correct its mistakes – Chinese Foreign Ministry

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: People's Republic of China in Russian – People's Republic of China in Russian –

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Source: People's Republic of China – State Council News

Beijing, December 23 (Xinhua) — China urges Ukraine to immediately correct its mistakes, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Lin Jian said on Tuesday, vowing that China will resolutely protect the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese businesses and citizens.

The diplomat made the statement at a regular departmental briefing, commenting on statements by Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy about the imminent introduction of new sanctions against Russian businesses and individuals providing assistance to Russia, including citizens of other countries, such as China.

Lin Jian pointed out that China consistently opposes unilateral sanctions that violate international law and have not received the approval of the UN Security Council.

Speaking about China's role in the ongoing efforts to peacefully resolve the Ukrainian crisis, Lin Jian noted that since the beginning of the Ukrainian crisis, China has maintained close communication with all parties involved, including Russia and Ukraine, and has made continuous efforts to end the hostilities and advance peace talks.

“China’s efforts are clear to the entire international community,” the Chinese Foreign Ministry’s official representative noted.

Lin Jian stressed that the Chinese side supports all efforts to promote peace and will continue to play a constructive role in this regard.

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The Union of Water and Light

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: Moscow Government – Moscow Government –

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The State Darwin Museum will open an exhibition, "The Union of Water and Light," featuring watercolor landscapes by artist Andrei Rodionov.

The exhibition features works created during trips to Russia, Belarus, Montenegro, and Italy. The landscapes, executed in alla prima watercolor and plein air painting, are distinguished by a freshness of perception and a subtle rendition of light and mood. They combine philosophical expressiveness, a "true vision" of nature, and the artist's individual artistic signature.

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Health is more valuable than gold

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: Moscow Government – Moscow Government –

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Library No. 169 "Prospect" will host a lecture on the basics of proper and balanced nutrition.

Participants will learn about the principles of a healthy diet, the role of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and vitamins, the importance of water and fiber, the rules of split meals, and choosing healthy foods. The program will debunk common diet myths, provide practical recommendations for reducing sugar and salt intake, reading food labels, and incorporating healthy eating habits into daily life to prevent disease and improve quality of life.

Photo: AI-powered digital visualization. Mos.ru

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Severstal opened a metal heat treatment laboratory at the Polytechnic University.

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University –

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The heat treatment laboratory for metals and alloys has reopened at Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University after a major renovation. The renovation of the classroom space was made possible thanks to financial support from Severstal.

The opening ceremony, which began in the large chemistry auditorium, was attended by SPbPU Rector Andrey Rudskoy and Polytechnic University graduate Evgeny Vinogradov, CEO of the Severstal Russian Steel and Resources Assets Division.

"Our country faces colossal challenges: creating our own import-independent industry, achieving technological sovereignty, and achieving technological leadership. And this will be accomplished by university graduates—today's students and tomorrow's engineers," Andrey Rudskoy opened the event. "The Polytechnic University trains specialists across a wide range of industrial sectors. But today's event is particularly significant. For over half a century, since its founding in 1955, the Cherepovets Iron and Steel Works has been our strategic industrial partner. And we are its core university. To see tomorrow, we need to work today on modern equipment, study technologies, have a reliable equipment base, and, most importantly, open doors to the enterprise, where students can learn their future professions in practice." If we teach students without any connection to production, using only our laboratory equipment, graduates arrive at enterprises two or three years behind, because universities can never keep up with the technological processes at factories. That's why today's event is so important—we're eliminating the systemic gap between engineers and production."

Evgeny Vinogradov then addressed the students. He shared his memories of his student life and noted that today's visit to his alma mater was very important to him. Particularly moving was the moment when the Polytechnic University rector presented him with the "For Merit" badge and a copy of his personal file as a souvenir. Evgeny Nikolaevich also spoke about his career choice, his first steps in production, the company's significant projects, and answered questions from the audience.

In the laboratory, Andrei Rudskoy and Evgeny Vinogradov personally tempered metal samples to symbolically strengthen the ties between Polytechnic University and Severstal.

Severstal allocated 11.4 million rubles for the modernization of the heat treatment laboratory, and another 2 million rubles for the purchase of equipment and modern laboratory furniture. Severstal's total investment in the development of SPbPU's educational infrastructure this year amounted to 20.9 million rubles, including 9.5 million rubles for the renovation and branding of student classrooms.

"Developing engineering education is one of the company's key priorities when it comes to developing young talent. It's important to us that future specialists master technologies not only in theory but also in practice, using modern equipment. The opening of the renovated heat treatment laboratory is an investment in the quality of engineering training and the sustainable development of the industry as a whole," noted Evgeny Vinogradov, CEO of Severstal's Russian Steel and Resource Assets Division. "The opening of the renovated heat treatment laboratory means the path from the classroom to actual production is becoming even shorter and clearer. I am confident that this laboratory will become a magnet for talented and motivated young engineers."

The renovated laboratory is equipped with modern metallurgical equipment, allowing for a full range of teaching and research projects. The installed equipment includes muffle heating furnaces, universal and microhardness testers, and metallographic microscopes. This allows students to work with technologies as close as possible to industrial conditions and gain practical skills in demand in production. The upgrades not only affected the technical aspects but also the learning environment—the laboratory has become modern, functional, and comfortable for students and faculty.

The laboratory's infrastructure will also be actively used as part of the multi-track model for training engineers in metallurgy and materials science, developed by SPbPU jointly with Severstal. The first intake for the program took place in September 2025 and has already attracted motivated applicants with a high level of preparation.

On the same day, a classroom was opened in the Chemical Building, renovated and equipped with financial support from Severstal.

The past year has been a landmark one for both Polytechnic University and Severstal. 95 years ago, the Leningrad Industrial Institute was founded Department of Heat Treatment of MetalsToday, it's an important part of the Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Materials, and Transport. In 1955, the Cherepovets Iron and Steel Works—one of the plants that today forms the flagship of Russian metallurgy, Severstal—began operations. Therefore, the opening day of these two new, modern educational spaces was a true celebration for Polytechnic students and faculty. A pre-New Year's atmosphere permeated the Chemistry Building: a quest was held, prizes were raffled off, career advice was available, a case study was held, and refreshments were enjoyed at the food court.

Cooperation The partnership between Severstal and SPbPU has been ongoing for over ten years and includes joint educational programs, the development of laboratory and research facilities, R&D, and the training of young specialists, many of whom subsequently choose careers with the company. In 2024, the company donated VR simulators to the SPbPU laboratory for educational purposes.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

Year in Review: The Polytechnic University held its final meeting of the Academic Council for 2025.

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University –

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The final meeting of the Academic Council for 2025 was held at Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University. The event included a formal presentation of awards to staff and students and a review of the year's results.

At the beginning of the meeting, SPbPU Rector Andrei Rudskoy noted that December 22 (old style) marked the 170th anniversary of the birth of Prince Andrei Grigorievich Gagarin, the first director of the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute. He also mentioned that on this day opened an exhibition at the Polytechnic Museum, dedicated to the first director of the institute, and in NIK – an exhibition of paintings by Andrei Gagarin's great-granddaughter, artist Elena Artsutanova.

According to tradition, awards were presented to outstanding polytechnicians at the meeting of the Academic Council.

For its support of the development of the Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University's Endowment Fund, BMH RUS was awarded a commemorative medal and a letter of gratitude from the university. The award was presented to Vasily Fishchev, the company's Development Director and a 1998 graduate of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering.

The Baltic Gems trading house was awarded for its support of the University Endowment Fund's "Economic Education" endowment fund. The award was presented to the company's CEO, Maxim Ratnikov.

For her personal achievements in the education and training of academic staff, the honorary title of "Honored Worker of Higher Education of the Russian Federation" was awarded to Irina Krasyuk, professor at the Higher School of Advanced Digital Technologies at the PIS "CI."

For her outstanding achievements and successes in promoting the development of scientific potential and professional education, the honorary title of "Honored Worker of Higher Education in St. Petersburg" was awarded to Olga Kalinina, Director of the Higher School of Industrial Management at the Institute of Mechanics and Technology of Economics and Technology.

The Legislative Assembly of St. Petersburg awarded a certificate of gratitude to Marina Petrochenko, Director of the Civil Engineering Institute.

A professor's certificate was awarded to Vladimir Sergeev, professor at the Higher School of Fundamental Physics Research at the PhysMech Institute and head of the controlled thermonuclear fusion research laboratory.

Associate Professor certificates were received by:

Associate Professor of the Higher School of Automation and Robotics at the Institute of Metallurgical and Electronics (IMW&T) Alexander Bakhshiev; Associate Professor of the Higher School of Applied Physics and Space Technologies at the Institute of Economics and Telecommunications Sergey Ivanov; Associate Professor of the Higher School of Industrial Management at the Institute of Metallurgical and Electronics, Telecommunications and Telecommunications Ksenia Kikkas; Associate Professor of the Higher School of Mechanics and Control Processes at the Institute of Physics and Mechanics Alexey Lukin; Associate Professor of the Higher School of Electronics and Microsystems Engineering at the Institute of Electrical and Telecommunications Ivan Rumyantsev; Associate Professor of the Higher School of Automation and Robotics at the Institute of Metallurgical and Electronics, Telecommunications Boris Spassky; Associate Professor of the Higher School of Engineering and Economics at the Institute of Metallurgical and Electronics, Telecommunications Angi Skhvediani; Associate Professor of the Higher School of Mechanical Engineering at the Institute of Metallurgical and Electronics, Vasily Teplukhin.

In addition, the "For Merit" badge of distinction was awarded to Polytechnic University graduate, Honored Master of Sports of the USSR, and 1976 Innsbruck Winter Olympics champion in speed skating, Yevgeny Kulikov.

As the saying goes, "Accidents are not accidents." Fifty years ago, when I lived in Chita, people from the Polytechnic University came there for the holidays. Then I received an offer to join them in Leningrad. So, in 1975, I became a student at the Polytechnic University and continued my athletic career here. In 1976, after the Olympics, I stood in this very hall and received my first award for my contribution to the image of the Leningrad Polytechnic University," noted Evgeny Kulikov.

Also, for their significant contribution to the university's development, the "For Merit" badge of distinction was presented to Tatyana Nam, Deputy Director of the Humanities Institute, and Anna Rubtsova, Director of the Higher School of Linguistics and Pedagogy.

For his high professionalism and significant contribution to engineering training and the university's research, Vadim Korablyov, Advisor to the Rector's Office and Professor at the Higher School of Fundamental Physics Research at the Institute of Physics and Mechanics, received a Certificate of Appreciation from SPbPU. He also celebrated his birthday that same day. SPbPU Rector Andrey Rudskoy emphasized that it was fate to share the same birthday as the institute's first director, Andrei Gagarin. Vadim Korablyov has already received numerous university and departmental awards, recognizing his professionalism and achievements in research and teaching.

For conscientious and professional performance of her official duties, SPbPU awarded a Certificate of Gratitude to Evgeniya Shevchuk, Director of the Administrative and Legal Department.

For the high level of organization of the university's participation in the V Congress of Young Scientists, SPbPU awarded Commendations to Irina Rudskaya, Director of the Gazprom Neft Scientific and Educational Center for Information Technology and Business Analysis, and Ksenia Kuzmina, Head of the Department for Scientific Certification and Training of Highly Qualified Personnel.

Vera Loboda, Director of the Higher School of Electronics and Microsystems Engineering at the Institute of Electronics and Technology, Anna Chernikova, Deputy Director of the Institute of Mechanics and Mathematics, and Alexander Shchukin, Associate Professor of the Higher School of Software Engineering at the Institute of Computer Science and Information Technologies, were awarded certificates of appreciation for their contribution to the development of quality assurance in higher education and their participation as experts in the first All-Russian competition "Best Model of an Internal Education Quality Assessment System."

In addition, university students were awarded at the Academic Council meeting. The winners of the superfinal of the Vladimir Navodnov Open International Student Internet Olympiad in Mathematics were PhysMech students Trinh Thi Thu Hoai and Sergey Krupitsa.

Egor Grigoriev, a student at the Institute of Economics and Telecommunications, was awarded a first-place diploma for winning the Regional Subject Olympiad in Mathematics for Universities of St. Petersburg.

The SPbPU team was awarded a second-place diploma and a cup for winning second place in the team championship of the regional subject Olympiad of St. Petersburg universities in radio engineering. The award was presented to the team captain, Maxim Artemyev, a student at the Institute of Economics and Telecommunications.

The winners of the international robot combat championship "Battle of Robots 2025" – the "Omnivores" team, students from IMMiT: Viktor Yakovlev, Alexander Andreev, Vladimir Kravchuk, Viktor Rudakov, and Vladislav Sharynin – were awarded.

Also awarded were Yegor Ivanov, a third-year student at the Institute of Professional Education and the winner of the 5th St. Petersburg Governor's Cup "Best Junior of St. Petersburg Cuisine 2025" and the winner of the "Student of the Year" competition in the St. Petersburg secondary vocational education system in the "Student Passionate about His Future Profession" category.

We always hold the awards ceremony at the Academic Council meeting because we thank our staff and students for their support of the university and for their invaluable contribution to its greatness. And it doesn't matter what the field is, be it sports or science. They are equally valuable. This is the destiny of exceptional individuals," commented SPbPU Rector Andrey Rudskoy.

Following the awards ceremony for outstanding polytechnic students, Alexander Rechinsky, SPbPU Vice-Rector for Economics and Finance, delivered a report on the university's financial results for the current year and its financial and economic plan for 2026. In his report, he noted the Polytechnic University's successes compared to previous years and outlined plans for further improvement of the university's economic system.

Then, Vice-Rector for Information, Youth Policy, and Security Maxim Pasholikov spoke about the development of endowment funds and youth projects, as well as opportunities to increase student scholarships.

In addition, a vote was held on the assignment of academic titles, and candidates were nominated for the “Honorary Worker of SPbPU” award.

The final item on the agenda was a report by SPbPU Academic Secretary Dmitry Karpov on monitoring the execution of instructions.

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Kuzminki Estate

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: Moscow Government – Moscow Government –

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The I.S. Turgenev Library and Reading Room will host a lecture on the history of the Kuzminki estate.

Attendees will learn how one of the largest estates in the Moscow region emerged and developed: from the estate's grant to Grigory Stroganov in the early 18th century and its transfer to the Golitsyn family, to its heyday in the first quarter of the 19th century under Sergei Golitsyn, when Kuzminki was known as Moscow's Pavlovsk. The lecture will cover the estate's extensive renovations, the architects invited, the complex's fate after 1917, and its transformation into a cultural and recreational park.

The discussion will be led by historian and Moscow expert Evgeny Melekhov, a tour guide with 40 years of experience.

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The Physical Nature of Events. Words as Instruments of Creation

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: Moscow Government – Moscow Government –

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The I.S. Turgenev Library and Reading Room will host a lecture entitled "The Physical Nature of Events. Words as Instruments of Creation," dedicated to modern concepts of quantum physics and quantum information.

Participants will become familiar with the basic principles of quantum physics, learn about the role of words in quantum information theories, the physical mechanisms by which ideas are transformed into material reality, and the potential for practical application of this knowledge in everyday life.

The lecture will be given by radiophysics engineer Alexander Shilov.

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Kultura Newspaper: Interview with Karina Abramyan, First Deputy General Director of Melodiya.

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: Melody – An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

Towards the end of the year, Melodiya resumed record production at its own plant in Novosibirsk. Kultura asked Karina Abramyan, First Deputy General Director of Melodiya JSC, to comment on this news.

— How long has the idea of starting a record production been around? What's behind the recent increased demand for vinyl from music lovers, and especially record collectors?

"This idea came to Melodiya CEO Andrey Krichevsky in the summer of 2024. So, the time from the initial concept to its implementation was, give or take, fourteen months."

As for the increased demand that's been evident over the past ten to fifteen years… I think it's connected to the trend toward "owning art." In our case, vinyl is a unique way to "own music." The medium has now reached a certain plateau: that is, mass-market vinyl sales are unlikely—everything "in the millions" is now digital.

— Four "first signs" of the renewed Russian vinyl industry: David Tukhmanov's album "On the Wave of My Memory," Zodiac's Disco Alliance record, recordings by the VIA "Dos-Mukasan," and also… "Autogenic training for alcohol abusers. A session of emotional-stress psychotherapy for those wishing to quit smoking."

"The release of autogenic training is, of course, a pre-New Year's joke, but the recording is nonetheless quite interesting and valuable, as this material hasn't been released on physical media for over forty years. And while that's a joke, few people remember that, in addition to psychological training, this record also features a wealth of wonderful music: Vivaldi, Saint-Saëns, and Massenet performed by great musicians—the Rudolf Barshai Orchestra, the Bolshoi Theater Violin Ensemble, and others. As for the other releases, it's simple: these records were consistently immensely popular in the USSR and continue to attract interest from music lovers today."

— Which task is more of a priority for Melodiya: reissuing famous records from its extensive back catalogue or releasing new vinyl recordings?

For now, we're primarily focused on releasing the most iconic recordings from our archive. We've already prepared albums dedicated to the works of Alexandra Pakhmutova, Anna German, and the ensembles Pesnyary and Orlan. There will also be time-tested classical music releases featuring artists like Grigory Sokolov and Vladimir Spivakov. We also plan to release several renowned children's records, including "Ali Baba" and "Old Man Hottabych." All of them will go on sale in the spring of 2026.

"The need to revive the domestic vinyl industry is truly long overdue. However, isn't there a concern that something will hinder the triumphant march of records? In the late 1980s and early 1990s, as we recall, records lost the battle to compact discs."

Observations over the past few decades have shown that vinyl has not only made a comeback, but has firmly established itself in music lovers' music collections. However, I wouldn't draw any parallels with CDs in this case. After all, if we're talking about new trends in this area, Zoomers have once again shown a keen interest in both CDs and DVDs. So, I believe all the previous media will now be able to coexist harmoniously in niche formats within the music community. And that's encouraging: let all flowers bloom!

Denis Bocharov, December 22, 2025

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Financial news: On holding auctions on December 24, 2025 to place OFZ issues No. 26250RMFS and No. 26252RMFS.

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: Moscow Exchange – Moscow Exchange –

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For bidders

We inform you that, based on a letter from the Bank of Russia and in accordance with Part I. General Part and Part II. Stock Market Section of the Rules for Trading on the Stock Market, Deposit Market, and Loan Market of Moscow Exchange PJSC, the order establishes the form, time, duration, and procedure for holding auctions for the placement and trading of the following federal loan bonds:

1.

Name of the Issuer Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
Name of the security federal loan bonds with constant coupon income
State registration number of the issue 26250RMFS from June 20, 2025
Date of the auction December 24, 2025
Information about the placement (Trading mode, placement form) The placement of Bonds will be carried out in the “Placement: Auction” trading mode by holding an Auction to determine the placement price.BoardId: PACT (Settlement: Ruble)
Trade code SU26250RMFS9
ISIN code RU000A10BVH7
Settlement code B01
Additional conditions of placement

The share of non-competitive bids in relation to the total volume of bids submitted by the Bidder may not exceed 90%.

Trading time Trading hours: bid collection period: 14:30 – 15:00; bid execution period: 15:30 – 18:00.

2.

Name of the Issuer Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
Name of the security federal loan bonds with constant coupon income
State registration number of the issue 26252RMFS from October 17, 2025
Date of the auction December 24, 2025
Information about the placement (Trading mode, placement form) The placement of Bonds will be carried out in the “Placement: Auction” trading mode by holding an Auction to determine the placement price.BoardId: PACT (Settlement: Ruble)
Trade code SU26252RMFS5
ISIN code RU000A10D4Y2
Settlement code B01
Additional conditions of placement

The share of non-competitive bids in relation to the total volume of bids submitted by the Bidder may not exceed 90%.

Trading time Trading hours: bid collection period: 12:00–12:30; bid execution period: 13:00–18:00.

Contact information for media: 7 (495) 363-3232PR@moex.com

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.