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November 5, 2025 Climate and environment

Decades of efforts to protect forests, which serve as a vital natural barrier against rising carbon dioxide concentrations, are under threat from the accelerating climate crisis, according to experts from the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).

The situation is critical due to an increase in forest fires and droughts caused by higher temperatures, decreased humidity and pest infestations.

1.76 billion hectares of forest are at risk

The UNECE countries – in Europe, North America, the Caucasus and Central Asia – contain more than 1.76 billion hectares of forests, representing more than 40 percent of the world's forest cover.

While the region's total forest area has increased by 60 million hectares (with the largest increase recorded in Europe and Central Asia), the global trend is the opposite, with approximately 10.9 million hectares of forest disappearing annually.

Fires and pests: the scale of the disaster

In 2021, forest fires destroyed 12.6 million hectares of forest – an area comparable to the size of Greece, according to UNECE representative Paola Deda. Another 73 million hectares of forest, roughly equivalent to the combined area of Spain and Portugal, are affected by insects and diseases.

"If these trends continue, forests, which today serve as a powerful carbon sink, could become a source of emissions, jeopardizing global climate goals," Deda warned.

Forest protection

With the support of UNECE member states, forest protection programmes are continuing, including measures against acid rain in Central Europe, which previously caused serious damage to ecosystems.

Since 1990, the area allocated for biodiversity conservation and soil and water protection has doubled. Today, over 300 million hectares of forest (approximately the size of all of Italy) are legally protected.

However, the UNECE warns that the impact of climate change is accelerating forest destruction, threatening to undo decades of environmental progress.

The UNECE also notes the special role of boreal forests. The forests surrounding the Arctic contain approximately 32 percent of all terrestrial carbon stocks. They are negatively impacted by melting permafrost and rising temperatures. Their protection requires coordinated international policy.

Climate summit in Brazil

Ahead of the COP30 climate summit in Belém, Brazil, UNECE called on world leaders to strengthen forest conservation measures, including fire prevention, pest control and large-scale forest restoration.

According to the organization, carbon stocks in forests have increased by 11 percent since 1990.

"The world's most forested country isn't Brazil, but Russia," Paola Deda reminded. "And although the climate conference will be held in the Southern Hemisphere, it's the forests of the northern regions that are crucial to the planet's climate."

Read also:

Russia maintains the world's largest forest reserve: new FAO data on global forest resources

"Everything we've achieved over the past three decades is now under serious threat due to the climate crisis. We cannot afford to lose the planet's most powerful natural defense," said UNECE Executive Secretary Tatiana Molchan.

She said the world's forests could be so severely damaged that they would be impossible to restore.

"The international community – especially the leaders who will gather in Belém – must understand that forest conservation is no longer just an environmental issue; it is the foundation of global carbon security," the head of the UNECE emphasized.

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November 4, 2025 Peace and security

During the transition period in Gaza, it is necessary to maintain unity between the enclave and the West Bank, and strive to achieve a two-state solution. UN Secretary-General António Guterres stated this on Tuesday, speaking at a press conference on the sidelines of the Second World Summit for Social Development in Doha.

Journalists asked him about cooperation with Israel and US President Donald Trump's 20-point plan for the Gaza Strip, which calls for the deployment of a temporary international stabilization force in the enclave.

Expanding humanitarian operations

The Secretary-General stated that the UN is committed to increasing the scale of humanitarian aid in Gaza and ensuring it reaches the entire population. He added that the United States has been instrumental in ensuring that "Israel at least gradually removes some of the obstacles and difficulties that still exist" along this path.

“We strongly support the principles that the ceasefire must be respected, that all parties are obliged to implement it, and that the next stage must ensure connectivity between Gaza and the West Bank,” Guterres continued, “and we believe that this must lead to the implementation of the two-state solution and the recognition of an independent Palestinian state.”

The Secretary-General emphasized that the UN's positions are "very clear" and do not depend "on cooperation with any particular country."

US draft resolution

He noted that the United States is developing a draft Security Council resolution on Gaza in consultation with other members of the Security Council, but the UN Secretariat is not participating in the discussions.

"We believe that any entity that is created in Gaza must have legitimacy through a mandate from the Security Council," Guterres said.

Asked whether this included international forces, he replied that "that is one of the topics of discussion" and that "it would be important to train and form a Palestinian police force."

The UN chief stressed that the transition period should lead to a situation in which Gaza and the West Bank are united, and the Palestinian Authority will have full control over the entire territory.

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November 4, 2025 UN

The main news of the day at the UN and around the world: the adoption of the Doha Political Declaration, a new report on reducing emissions and forecasting global temperature rise, the Secretary-General's call to end the violence in Sudan, and the proclamation of World Day of Turkic Languages.

Doha Declaration

World leaders adopted the Doha Political Declaration on Tuesday at the Second World Summit for Social Development, reaffirming their global commitment to building more just and inclusive societies. The declaration represents a collective commitment by governments to fight poverty, create decent jobs, combat discrimination, expand access to social protection, and protect human rights. The document emphasizes that social development is essential for peace, stability, and economic growth. The summit in Doha, Qatar, brought together more than 40 heads of state and government, 170 ministers, heads of international organizations, civil society representatives, and experts.

Reducing emissions

According to an analysis by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), countries' new climate commitments under the Paris Agreement have only marginally improved the projected global temperature rise this century. Climate threats continue to mount. A new UNEP report states that if countries fully implement their emissions reduction pledges, global temperatures will rise by 2.3 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels by the end of the century. Last year, the projected increase was 2.6 degrees Celsius. Therefore, the world remains far from the Paris Agreement's goal of keeping warming to 2 degrees Celsius.

Famine in Sudan

Despite the food situation, António Guterres on Tuesday called on the Sudanese Armed Forces and the Rapid Intervention Force rebels to cease fire and come to the negotiating table.

Turkic Languages Day

Participants in the 43rd session of the UNESCO General Conference, currently taking place in Samarkand, Uzbekistan, adopted a resolution establishing a World Day of Turkic Languages. It will be celebrated on December 15. According to the document, the proclamation of the Day will contribute to the implementation of UNESCO's priorities in the areas of linguistic and cultural diversity, as well as the preservation and development of oral traditions and forms of expression. The inclusion of Turkic languages on the agenda of the UNESCO General Conference was requested by Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey, and Uzbekistan, with the support of 21 other countries.

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November 4, 2025 Humanitarian aid

A new study shows a stark contrast in nutritional conditions across conflict lines in war-torn Sudan, UN humanitarian agencies reported Tuesday. While the food situation has begun to improve in areas where fighting has subsided, full-scale famine threatens residents in areas cut off from aid or under siege.

Conditions of mass starvation were confirmed in El Fasher and Kadugli, where "people have endured months without reliable access to food and health care," the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) said in a joint statement.

Call for a ceasefire

UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres On Tuesday, Guterres called for an immediate ceasefire in Sudan amid disturbing images of alleged massacres in El Fasher and elsewhere. He called on the Sudanese Armed Forces and the Rapid Intervention Force rebels to "come to the negotiating table to end this nightmare of violence."

Heavy fighting between rival armies erupted in Sudan in April 2023, leading to a massive humanitarian disaster. Last week, El Fasher, which had been under government control, fell after more than 500 days of rebel siege. Hundreds of civilians, including aid workers, were reportedly killed, and many more remain trapped behind barricades.

Millions continue to starve

According to the analysis within the framework Integrated classification of food security phasesBy September, approximately 21.2 million people in Sudan—45 percent of the population—were facing acute food insecurity. This represents a slight improvement. Approximately 3.4 million people are no longer experiencing crisis levels of hunger.

The improvements are linked to gradual stabilisation since May in three states – Khartoum, El Gezira and Sennar.

"But these achievements are limited," UN agencies noted. "The widespread crisis has devastated the economy and vital services, and much of the infrastructure on which people depend has been damaged or destroyed."

Fragile progress

Favorable conditions for harvesting are expected after the current harvest and next year, which could reduce the level of hunger crisis. However, "this fragile success is highly localized," as many families returning to their hometowns in Khartoum and El Gezira will face difficulties in reaping the fruits of their labor.

Meanwhile, active fighting continues in the western regions of the country, particularly in North and South Darfur, as well as West and South Kordofan. Famine there is expected to worsen starting in February as food supplies deplete and fighting continues.

Hunger in besieged areas

Experts have determined that full-scale famine conditions are present in El Fasher, the capital of North Darfur, and Kadugli in South Kordofan, which have been largely cut off from supplies due to the conflict.

UN agencies noted that the situation in Dilling, South Kordofan, "is likely similar to Kadugli, but cannot be classified due to a lack of reliable data as a result of limited humanitarian access and ongoing fighting."

There have been slight improvements in the western Nuba Mountains, but hunger levels remain high until humanitarian access improves.

Experts predict the risk of widespread famine in 20 more areas of Darfur and Kordofan, including rural settlements, camps for displaced people, and several new locations in East Darfur and South Kordofan.

Meanwhile, with health, water and sanitation systems collapsing in Sudan, cholera, malaria and measles also continue to spread.

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November 4, 2025 Humanitarian aid

Food is gradually returning to Gaza's shelves, but remains in short supply, UN officials said on Tuesday, renewing calls for increased humanitarian access and continued financial support for aid agencies.

According to Abeer Etefa, a spokesperson for the UN World Food Programme (WFP), hundreds of thousands of people returned to northern Gaza last month, where famine was declared in late August. Their access to food remains limited.

Many of those who returned found their homes destroyed, while those displaced in the south "often live in tents, without access to food or basic services," added Etefa, who works for the WFP in Cairo.

Etefa noted that three and a half weeks after the ceasefire began, WFP has delivered food parcels to approximately one million people in Gaza. In total, 1.6 million people are expected to receive them.

“Supplies are still limited, so each family is receiving a reduced ration – one food package, designed to last for ten days,” she explained.

To scale up humanitarian operations to the level needed, WFP says it needs "more open border crossings and… the ability to use key roads inside Gaza."

All border crossings must be opened

According to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), no food convoys have reached the north of the Strip directly through border crossings since September 12.

“Only two border crossings remain operational: Kerem Shalom in the south of the enclave and Kissufim in central Gaza,” Etefa emphasized.

"This seriously limits the amount of assistance that WFP and other agencies can deliver to stabilize the market and meet the needs of the population," she added.

She noted that the lack of access through the northern crossings forces humanitarian convoys to take a "slow and difficult route from the south."

According to WFP, approximately 700,000 people receive fresh bread daily through 17 agency-supported bakeries – nine in the south and center and eight in the north. The goal is to increase the number of bakeries serving the population to 25.

"This help is really important."

WFP worker Noor Hammad, who is currently in Gaza, said she is seeing "apocalyptic scenes" across the enclave, with people's faces showing both joy and fear.

According to her, Gazans compare the destruction in the Strip "to the aftermath of an earthquake."

"At every distribution point I've visited in recent days, people say one thing: this aid is truly important," she said. After months of "stretching one meal out over several days," they are finally receiving fresh bread, food parcels, and cash transfers.

“This is where the road to recovery begins,” Hammad emphasized.

Currently, 200,000 Gazans are receiving digital cash transfers, allowing them to supplement their food aid with fresh produce from local markets. However, prices there remain very high.

"Food is gradually returning to the shelves, but prices are still unaffordable for most families," she explained. "After all, people exhausted all resources trying to survive two years of war. Today, for example, I buy an apple for the price that used to be equivalent to a kilogram."

The fragility of the ceasefire and the instability of aid flows, she said, remain the main sources of anxiety for Gazans. Hammad told the story of a displaced mother she met in the enclave: although the family receives humanitarian aid, the woman forbids her children from eating all the food at once because "she's not sure if there will be food tomorrow."

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November 4, 2025 Culture and education

Participants in the 43rd session of the UNESCO General Conference, currently taking place in Samarkand, Uzbekistan, adopted a resolution establishing World Day of Turkic Languages. It will be celebrated on December 15.

As stated in the document, the proclamation of a World Day of Turkic Languages will contribute to the implementation of UNESCO's priorities in the areas of linguistic and cultural diversity, regional and global cooperation, and the preservation and development of oral traditions and forms of expression.

The Turkic languages item was included on the agenda at the request of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey, and Uzbekistan, with the support of 21 member states. The choice of December 15 was no coincidence: on this day in 1893, Danish scholar Wilhelm Thomsen announced the decipherment of the Orkhon alphabet, one of the oldest written documents attesting to the origins of the Turkic language family, which gave rise to, among others, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Turkish, Turkmen, and Uzbek.

Within the framework of the World Day, various cultural presentations and events will be held, such as exhibitions, lectures, literary evenings, art performances, in order to demonstrate the cultural and social value of this language family as an object of cultural diversity of Turkic-speaking states, and to raise awareness of the Turkic language family and its contribution to the development of humanity.

Turkic languages are the mother tongue of more than 200 million people living in an area of approximately 12 million square kilometers in several UNESCO Member States.

General Conference

The General Conference, whose 43rd session is being held in Uzbekistan and will last until November 13, determines the direction and overall policies of UNESCO. Its responsibilities include determining the Organization's programs and budget. It also elects the members of the Executive Board and, every four years, appoints the Director-General.

The General Conference comprises representatives of all UNESCO Member States. It meets every two years and is attended by Member States and Associate Members, as well as observers from non-Member States, intergovernmental organizations, and non-governmental organizations. Each Member State has one vote at the General Conference, regardless of its population size or the size of its contribution to the budget.

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November 4, 2025 Economic development

Amid geopolitical tensions and growing inequality, world leaders adopted the Doha Political Declaration at the Second World Summit for Social Development on Tuesday, reaffirming a global commitment to building more just and inclusive societies.

The adoption of the declaration is a collective commitment by governments to combat poverty, create decent jobs, combat discrimination, expand access to social protection and protect human rights.

The document emphasizes that social development is not only a moral imperative, but also a necessary condition for peace, stability and economic growth.

The summit in Doha, Qatar, brought together more than 40 heads of state and government, 170 ministers, heads of international organizations, youth movement leaders, civil society representatives, and experts—a total of over 14,000 participants.

Doha Political Declaration

Named after the city where it was adopted, the Doha Political Declaration reaffirms the commitment of world leaders to the principles Copenhagen Declaration of 1995 And 2030 Agenda for Sustainable DevelopmentThe declaration outlines three mutually reinforcing areas of work: ending poverty, ensuring employment and decent work for all, and creating more inclusive societies.

The document links social justice with peace, security and human rights and calls for urgent action to combat climate change.

It places particular emphasis on financing: the declaration reaffirms the importance of the Seville Agreement on modernising financial arrangements and calls for strengthening the multilateral system.

The Commission for Social Development of the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) will oversee the implementation of the declaration's provisions.

Integrated solutions

Following the adoption of the declaration, UN General Assembly President Annalena Baerbock noted that global unemployment has declined in recent decades and extreme poverty rates have been reduced, but significant inequalities remain, particularly affecting women and young people.

According to Baerbock, economic growth alone is not enough to overcome structural inequalities: they are exacerbated by climate change, demographic problems and conflicts.

Baerbock called for comprehensive, interconnected solutions covering poverty and hunger, education, health, climate resilience and gender equality, emphasizing that the Sustainable Development Goals are “not 17 separate goals, but a unified system where progress in one area accelerates progress in others.”

Impetus for Development

UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres warned that progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals is too slow.

"The Doha Political Declaration is a boost for development," he said, calling it a "plan for people" aimed at expanding universal social protection, ensuring equal access to health and education, and bridging the digital divide.

The UN chief stressed the urgent need to reform the global financial architecture to ensure access to development and climate finance, especially for debt-stressed developing countries.

The Secretary-General noted that the Doha summit is a mobilization of political and financial will to fulfill the promises made in Copenhagen.

“Guided by the Doha Political Declaration, let us implement the bold plan that humanity needs and deserves,” he concluded.

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November 4, 2025 Climate and environment

According to an analysis by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), countries' new climate commitments under the Paris Agreement have only marginally improved the projected global temperature rise this century. Climate threats continue to mount.

Overall indicators remained almost unchanged

The 2025 Emissions Gap Report says that if Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are fully implemented, global temperatures will rise by 2.3 to 2.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels by the end of the 21st century, up from 2.6 to 2.8 degrees Celsius last year.

However, some of the change in forecasts is due to changes in calculation methodology, as well as the upcoming US withdrawal from the Paris Climate Agreement. Thus, the countries' new commitments have had little impact on the overall figures. The world remains far from the Paris Agreement's goal of keeping warming to 2 degrees Celsius, while striving to stay below 1.5 degrees Celsius.

Unprecedented emissions cuts are needed

"Even with current commitments, we are still facing climate catastrophe," the UN Secretary-General said. Antonio Guterres.

The report's authors warn that the average global temperature increase over several decades will exceed 1.5 degrees Celsius, at least temporarily. This increase will be difficult to reverse. Much larger emissions reductions at a much faster pace will be required to minimize damage to ecosystems, the economy, and human health.

"Countries have already tried three times to fulfill the promises of the Paris Agreement, and each time they have failed to achieve this goal," said UNEP Executive Director Inger Andersen.

"National climate plans have led to some progress, but it's too slow. We still need unprecedented emission reductions within a tight timeframe and in the face of an increasingly complex geopolitical situation," she added.

Read also:

What's important to know about climate change: A WMO expert discusses alarming trends, the spread of misinformation, and the need for joint action.

According to UNEP, by September 30, 2025, only 60 parties to the Paris Agreement, accounting for 63 percent of global emissions, had submitted new emission reduction targets for 2035. Moreover, most countries are not on track to meet even their 2030 targets.

To align the global warming trajectory with the Paris Agreement goals, drastic and unprecedented emissions reductions are needed, which are becoming increasingly unattainable. Emissions increased by 2.3 percent in 2024.

Full implementation of all NDCs would reduce global emissions in 2035 by about 15 percent compared to 2019, but this is still not enough: a 35 percent reduction is needed to keep warming to 2 degrees Celsius, and a 55 percent reduction to keep warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius.

Solutions exist

Nevertheless, UNEP experts emphasize that the goal of keeping warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius remains extremely important.

"Every day, it becomes increasingly difficult to ensure a livable future. But this is no reason to give up. It is a reason to intensify efforts and accelerate action," said António Guterres.

"The solutions have long been available. From rapidly expanding renewable energy to reducing methane emissions, we know what needs to be done," said Inger Andersen.

The report also notes that since the adoption of the Paris Agreement, projections for global temperature rise have declined from 3–3.5 degrees Celsius to the current 2.3–2.5 degrees Celsius, but real change requires political will and reform of the international financial architecture.

The G20 countries, which account for 77 percent of global emissions, play a special role. However, their combined emissions still fall short of the 2030 targets: in 2024, their emissions increased by 0.7 percent.

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November 3, 2025 Humanitarian aid

The humanitarian crisis in Sudan is rapidly worsening. According to new data from a UN-supported analysis, full-scale famine has already been confirmed in some areas of Darfur and Kordofan, caused by fighting and a siege that has completely cut off the population from aid.

According to the latest report Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC)More than 21 million people across the country are facing acute food insecurity, making it the largest such crisis in the world.

Hunger takes root

According to the analysis, hunger conditions persist in the towns of El Fasher in North Darfur and Kadugli in South Kordofan, where families are forced to subsist on leaves, animal feed and grass.

Around 375,000 people across the country are in a situation that corresponds to the fifth phase of "catastrophic" food shortage. This means they are on the brink of starvation.

The IPC system, used by UN agencies and humanitarian partners, assesses crises in five levels, with phase five representing severe wasting, acute malnutrition, and increasing mortality.

El Fasher Siege

After capture of the city of El Fasher The Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) deployed last week – after more than 500 days of siege – left civilians in critical situations. According to the UN, hundreds of civilians, including humanitarian workers, were killed, and many were besieged.

The city remains cut off from food, medicine and humanitarian aid supplies, despite numerous urgent appeals for access.

The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) called the situation "unacceptable" and demanded immediate safe passage for humanitarian convoys.

According to the International Organization for Migration (IOM), nearly 71,000 people have fled El Fasher and the surrounding area since the end of October. Many report murders, kidnappings, and sexual violence along the way.

Most of the displaced people have found temporary shelter near the town of Tawila. They are sleeping in the open and have no access to food or clean water.

Violence in Kordofan

Violence has flared up again in the neighboring Kordofan region in recent days, forcing tens of thousands of people to flee their homes.

The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) said at least eight children in temporary accommodation centres were killed in a rocket attack in Kadugli last week.

"A disaster for the civilian population"

The UN Humanitarian Coordinator for Sudan, Denise Brown, called the situation "a disaster for the civilian population, caught between the front lines, without access to aid and on the brink of mass starvation."

She reiterated her call for an immediate ceasefire, as well as for the protection of civilians and free access for humanitarian workers.

Meanwhile, donors have provided only 28 percent of the $4.16 billion needed to implement the UN Humanitarian Response Plan in Sudan this year. The UN warns that without an end to hostilities and a significant increase in humanitarian aid, millions of Sudanese could face catastrophic famine in the coming months.

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