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November 11, 2025 Peace and security

The peace process in South Sudan is on the brink of collapse, and the humanitarian situation is rapidly deteriorating. Senior UN officials stated this at a Security Council meeting on Tuesday, emphasizing that women and girls are bearing the brunt of the crisis.

UN Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations Jean-Pierre Lacroix, returning from a visit to South Sudan, reported an increase in ceasefire violations, including aerial bombardments and armed clashes between the parties to the peace agreement. He stated that the unilateral removal of opposition representatives from the transitional government violates the principle of inclusiveness enshrined in the peace agreement and threatens stability ahead of elections scheduled for December 2026.

"The room for compromise is disappearing."

"Trust between key participants in the process is rapidly eroding. The space for compromise is disappearing," Lacroix noted, adding that constitutional reform and transitional security measures are making virtually no progress.

Amid political upheaval, the country is facing a humanitarian catastrophe. More than 7.5 million people are suffering from acute hunger, with 28,000 on the brink of starvation. Floods have displaced more than a million people, and the influx of 1.2 million refugees from war-torn neighboring Sudan is overburdening already fragile government structures.

UN Women Executive Director Sima Bacchus emphasized that women and girls are the most vulnerable in this crisis: “Every day they face climate challenges, hunger, sexual violence, kidnapping, and other threats.”

According to the UN, 260 cases of conflict-related sexual violence, including rape, sexual slavery, and forced marriage, were documented in 2024 alone. The situation is particularly alarming in border areas, where resource scarcity and ethnic tensions are fueling outbreaks of violence.

Funding crisis

Bacchus recounted a case in Warap state where a group of armed youths surrounded a girls' school, threatening to kidnap 100 students. Thanks to the intervention of UN peacekeepers, tragedy was averted. "For these girls, the peacekeepers were a lifesaver. It's hard for them to imagine that their protection could be jeopardized by dwindling resources," she said.

Both UN representatives expressed concern about the financial crisis facing the UN mission in South Sudan, which has already begun closing field offices and reducing staff. Lacroix warned that without flexibility from the South Sudanese government, the mission may be unable to fulfill its mandate.

Bacchus called for the 35 percent quota for women's participation in government bodies to be met. "There is no more proven path to sustainable peace than women's leadership," she emphasized.

The UN calls on all parties to the conflict to cease violence, ensure humanitarian access, and resume political dialogue. "The women of South Sudan have shown incredible resilience and leadership. They deserve better. We owe it to them," concluded Bacchus.

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November 11, 2025 International law

Annual International Criminal Court (ICC) report, which was presented today to the UN General Assembly, emphasizes the need to strengthen cooperation with States, protect the independence of the court and ensure the universality of the Rome Statute.

The International Criminal Court and the United Nations maintain close cooperation, based on the 2004 Agreement, which ensures the coordination of their activities in strengthening the international rule of law, protecting human rights and combating impunity for the most serious crimes.

Opening the meeting, Annalena Baerbock, President of the 80th General Assembly, noted that the founders of the ICC were guided by the conviction that "justice is a universal duty, not an expression of national interests." She emphasized that the Court was created to bring to justice those guilty of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression.

Baerbock condemned sanctions, threats and cyberattacksdirected against officials of the Court, noting that such actions undermine not only the institution itself, but also the principles of international law enshrined in the UN Charter.

Attacks against the ICC

ICC President Tomoko Akane, introducing the report, stressed that the Court continues to fulfil its mandate despite growing pressure.

"When judges are threatened or pressured, the very foundation of international law is undermined. We call on all states to defend the Court and the principles enshrined in the Rome Statute," Akane said.

She noted that in recent months, the Court has significantly strengthened its security system following cyberattacks and attempts to pressure judges and prosecutors, and continues to strengthen cooperation with regional organizations and UN structures.

Fighting impunity

According to the report, during the reporting period, the Court delivered 382 judgments, with important progress achieved in trials for crimes committed in Darfur, Libya, the Central African Republic, Afghanistan, Palestine and the Philippines.

Akane focused particularly on the case of Sudanese commander Ali Abd al-Rahman, convicted on 27 counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity. She emphasized that this is an example of how "even if it's belated, justice can and must prevail."

The ICC report also states that a notable development was the judgments handed down in the case of Yekatom and Ngaisson: both accused were found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in the Central African Republic.

The President of the Court reported that at the end of the reporting period, 33 declassified outstanding arrest warrants remained, calling on States Parties to comply with their obligations under the Rome Statute.

The voice of victims at the center of international justice

Akane emphasized that victims of mass crimes remain at the heart of the ICC's work: "The Court gives victims a voice, a place for their stories to be heard, and hope for recognition of the truth and accountability."

By April 2025, more than 3,800 victims had received reparations or were enrolled in reparations programs in four cases. In addition, the Victims' Trust Fund made numerous collective reparations payments in the Lubanga and Al-Mahdi cases to benefit a community of 70,000 people, particularly in Timbuktu. In 2024, approximately 19,500 people benefited from direct assistance programs.

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November 11, 2025 Climate and environment

Shifting to sustainable cooling methods could be key to protecting people and the planet from the effects of rising heat. Technologies such as passive, energy-efficient, and hybrid cooling with minimal energy consumption could help reduce greenhouse gas emissions, save up to $43 trillion, and protect 3 billion people from extreme temperatures, according to a new report from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) presented at UN Climate Change Conference (COP30) in Belem, Brazil.

According to the report, if current trends continue, demand for cooling could triple by 2050. As a result, emissions in this sector will nearly double compared to 2022, reaching 7.2 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalent. This is due to population growth, the continued spread of extreme temperatures, and the adoption of inefficient and polluting cooling systems among the world's poorest people.

Trillions of dollars in savings

UNEP proposes a so-called "Sustainable Cooling Pathway" that would reduce future emissions by 64 percent—to 2.6 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalent—compared to projected 2050 levels. With a simultaneous rapid transition to clean energy, emissions could be reduced by 97 percent.

"Access to cooling must be considered a component of basic infrastructure, along with water, energy, and sanitation," emphasized UNEP Executive Director Inger Andersen. "We can't solve the problem with air conditioning—it will only exacerbate the crisis. Passive, energy-efficient, and natural solutions will protect people, food chains, and economies from heat."

Experts estimate that implementing the proposed path will save $17 trillion in energy costs and avoid investments in energy grids totaling up to $26 trillion by 2050.

Key measures include the use of passive cooling, the rapid introduction of energy-efficient equipment, the elimination of freons, and the development of green urban spaces.

Let's beat the heat

These recommendations form the basis of the "Beat the Heat" initiative (Mutirão Contra o Calor Extremo / Beat the Heat), led by Brazil, the COP30 presidency, and the UNEP Cooling Coalition. It has already been joined by 185 cities and 83 partners, including 72 signatory countries. Global Cooling Commitment.

By mid-2025, 29 countries have adopted specific targets to reduce emissions in the refrigeration sector, with five more in the process of being developed. A total of 134 countries have included refrigeration measures in their national climate strategies, but only 54 cover all key areas—from energy efficiency standards to the transition to environmentally friendly refrigerants.

The largest gaps remain in Africa and the Asia-Pacific region, where cooling demand is growing fastest.

UNEP calls on countries to move from emergency response to systemic heat risk management, to consider cooling as a public good, and to develop nature-based solutions – from green architecture to sustainable urban planning.

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November 11, 2025 Women

In war-torn Sudan, women are the first to suffer from hunger and violence, UN Women warns, citing its sources in the country.

“Women we spoke to in El Fasher, the epicenter of Sudan’s current catastrophe, described surviving hunger, displacement, rape, and bombing,” said Anna Mutawati, UN Women’s regional director for Eastern and Southern Africa, at a briefing in Geneva. “Pregnant women gave birth in the streets as the last functioning maternity hospitals were looted and destroyed.”

Militants from the so-called Rapid Intervention Forces captured El Fasher, the capital of North Darfur state, after more than 500 days of siege, in late October. Immediately after, reports of mass atrocities began to emerge, including extrajudicial killings and sexual violence.

A brief history of the conflict

Fighting between the Sudanese Armed Forces and a group calling itself the Rapid Intervention Forces (RIF) began in April 2023 after the collapse of the transition to civilian rule that was expected to follow the ouster of longtime ruler Omar al-Bashir in 2019. Fierce fighting has forced millions of people to flee their homes and worsened an already dire humanitarian crisis.

Let us also recall that in 2008, the UN Security Council recognized that conflict-related rape and other forms of sexual violence may qualify as war crimes, crimes against humanity, and elements of genocide.

According to Anna Mutawati, the situation is rapidly deteriorating as the fighting around El Fasher expands, causing mass displacement. Thousands of women and girls have fled to other areas of North Darfur, where humanitarian presence is extremely limited.

On Monday, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) reported that nearly 89,000 people had fled the region. Many of them are now at the border with Chad.

"Women report that throughout this horrific journey, every step toward a water source, to collect firewood, or to queue for food carries a high risk of sexual violence," said a UN Women representative. "Evidence is mounting that rape is being used deliberately and systematically as a weapon of war."

In search of safety

Anna Mutawati says there are no safe spaces left in Sudan where women can find protection or basic psychological support. In North Darfur, a pack of sanitary pads costs about $27, while the average monthly humanitarian aid for a family of six is less than $150. Families are forced to make difficult choices "between food, medicine, and maintaining their dignity."

"Women and girls' basic needs are at the bottom of the list," Mutawati said. In Sudan, she said, women and girls eat "the least and the last."

“The majority of women and girls in Sudan are starving… Women often give up food to feed their children, and adolescents receive the smallest portions, which undermines their long-term health,” she noted.

“In besieged and remote areas like Darfur or Kordofan, it is women and girls who are forced to forage for food to survive,” Mutawati added, citing reports of women “picking leaves and berries to make soup,” while facing additional risks of violence.

Hunger is getting worse

The latest UN food security assessment, conducted in early November, confirmed famine in El Fasher and the capital of South Kordofan, Kadugli. Medical professionals are recording an increase in cases of acute malnutrition among infants, often associated with starving mothers losing their ability to breastfeed.

"The hunger women experience is causing a chain reaction," warned Anna Mutawati. "Every day the world delays action on Sudan, another woman gives birth under fire, buries a child who died of starvation, or disappears without a trace."

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November 10, 2025 Climate and environment

The 30th UN Climate Change Conference (COP30) opened in Belém, Brazil, on Monday. Delegates arrived at the forum with a clear message: the era of half-measures is over. The climate crisis is already here, causing widespread destruction and increasing economic costs. But there is a solution: clean energy is developing, and international cooperation can still reverse this negative trajectory.

Opening the conference, Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva called for decisive action: "The moment has come when our capabilities must match the urgency of the challenges we face. We must finally overcome climate crisis denial and maintain the 1.5 degrees Celsius goal."

Simon Still, Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), emphasized that the task of participants is not to argue with each other, but to unite against the climate crisis.

Cautious optimism and new commitments

The first day of the conference was marked by cautious optimism: the number of countries that submitted new climate plans reached 113. Together, they account for almost 70 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. According to a preliminary assessment by the UNFCCC, by 2035, these countries' commitments will help reduce emissions by 12 percent, although this is not enough to guarantee the achievement of the Paris Agreement's goal of limiting global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.

Simon Still noted that the commitments made at previous conferences are beginning to yield results—the global emissions curve has begun to decline. He cited Belén as an inspiring example: "The Amazon is not a single river, but a system of thousands of tributaries. Similarly, the implementation of the conference's decisions must be based on multiple streams of international cooperation."

© UNFCCC/K. Worth

COP30 President André Corrêa do Lago greets Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva during the opening of the conference in Belém.

No country can cope alone

Still warned that no national plan can solve the problem on its own. Economic losses from climate disasters could reach double digits. "Inaction is neither economically nor politically justifiable," he emphasized. "It is inexcusable that extreme weather continues to claim lives when effective solutions already exist."

Among the priorities for COP30, he named the transition away from fossil fuels, tripling renewable energy capacity, doubling energy efficiency, mobilizing $1.3 trillion annually for developing countries, approving global adaptation indicators, and advancing programs for a just transition to clean energy.

Conference of Truth

President Lula declared that "climate change is not a threat of the future, but a tragedy of the present." He called COP30 a "truth conference" and emphasized that denial and procrastination are no longer acceptable. "We are moving in the right direction, but at the wrong speed," he said. "Exceeding the 1.5-degree threshold is a risk we cannot take."

He sharply condemned climate change denial, noting that those behind it "reject not only science but also the progress of multilateral diplomacy." He stated that without the Paris Agreement, the world would be heading toward catastrophic warming of nearly five degrees by the end of the century.

The path to fossil fuel phasing out

Lula called on world leaders to make ambitious commitments and integrate climate change adaptation into national strategies. He proposed a "roadmap for humanity" to overcome dependence on fossil fuels, restore forests, and mobilize the necessary resources. He also announced the creation of a new fund to support the energy transition in developing countries, financed by oil revenues.

At the leaders' summit on November 6-7 in Belem, managed to mobilize $5.5 billion for an initiative aimed at supporting countries protecting their forestsOther collective commitments include recognizing indigenous land rights, quadrupling clean fuel production, and linking climate action to the fight against hunger, poverty, and "environmental racism."

Lula said holding COP30 in the heart of the Amazon is a "challenging but necessary task" that will give the world a chance to see the reality of the most biodiverse region on the planet, home to more than 50 million people and 400 indigenous peoples.

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November 10, 2025 UN

The main news of the day in the UN and around the world: open debate in the Security Council on small arms, power, heating, and water outages in Ukrainian cities, a worsening crisis in Sudan, the opening of the UN Climate Conference in Brazil.

Illegal arms flows

More than a billion firearms are circulating globally, UN Deputy High Representative for Disarmament Affairs Adedeji Eboh stated during an open debate in the Security Council on Monday. According to Eboh, the growth of illicit arms production, including the proliferation of 3D-printed weapons, is particularly alarming, particularly in Western Europe, Latin America, and the Caribbean. In Haiti, criminal groups are expanding their control over territory, using smuggled weapons to undermine state authority. Illicit arms flows in the Sahel, the Horn of Africa, and the Great Lakes region are turning local conflicts into cross-border conflicts.

Power outages in major Ukrainian cities

Last weekend, large-scale attacks and fighting resulted in civilian casualties and disrupted essential services across Ukraine, Deputy Spokesperson Farhan Haq reported, citing the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Major cities, including Kyiv, Kharkiv, and Odesa, are experiencing severe power outages, with electricity available for only a few hours a day. Kharkiv continues to experience heating and water outages, and public transportation has been partially suspended.

Escalating violence in Sudan

The crisis in North Darfur State, Sudan, is worsening. Following the capture of the state capital, El Fasher, by the Rapid Intervention Forces, clashes continue to be reported on key access roads to the city, trapping civilians and disrupting humanitarian aid deliveries. Meanwhile, violence in the Kordofan region is escalating, leading to rising civilian casualties and new waves of displacement. The World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed an attack on a hospital in South Kordofan State, resulting in deaths and injuries. Since April 2023, nearly 200 attacks on health facilities have occurred in Sudan.

Opening of the UN Climate Conference

On Monday, the UN Climate Change Conference (COP30) began in Belém, Brazil. At the opening of the summit, Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva called for more aggressive measures to reduce emissions. Simon Still, Executive Secretary of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), called for united action to combat the climate crisis. Dozens of countries announced new climate pledges, bringing the total number of countries with emission reduction commitments to 113. Together, they account for nearly 70 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions.

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November 10, 2025 Peace and security

Last weekend, large-scale attacks and fighting resulted in civilian casualties and disrupted essential services across Ukraine, UN Deputy Spokesperson Farhan Haq reported, citing the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).

Over the past three days, at least 15 civilians have been killed and more than 70 injured. On the night of November 8, missile and drone strikes were recorded in the Chernihiv, Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk, Kharkiv, Kherson, Kirovohrad, Mykolaiv, Odesa, Poltava, and Sumy regions, according to local authorities and humanitarian aid workers.

"These attacks also damaged energy and residential infrastructure in several regions, including the Chernihiv, Odesa, and Poltava regions. They led to power, heating, and water outages, further exacerbating the situation for vulnerable populations in the freezing temperatures," said Hak.

Major cities, including Kyiv, Kharkiv, and Odesa, are experiencing severe power outages, with electricity available for only a few hours a day. Kharkiv continues to experience heating and water outages, and public transportation has been partially suspended.

OCHA reports that UN agencies and their humanitarian partners quickly mobilized, providing shelter materials, blankets, hygiene supplies, hot drinks, and psychosocial support in several areas, including the Dnipro, Kherson, and Odesa regions.

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November 10, 2025 Peace and security

More than a billion firearms are circulating worldwide, UN Deputy High Representative for Disarmament Affairs Adedeji Eboh stated during an open debate in the Security Council on Monday. He presented the Secretary-General's report, which outlines both the progress achieved and the remaining threats.

According to Ebo, over the past two years, states have taken important steps, including the adoption of the Global Framework for Ammunition Life Cycle Management and the establishment of an expert group on weapons technology.

Regional problems

At the regional level, efforts have recently intensified: arms control roadmaps have been adopted in Central America, the Caribbean, the Balkans, and within the African Union. Meanwhile, the Secretary-General's report documents serious embargo violations in Libya, Yemen, and Haiti, where weapons are reaching criminal groups through poorly secured borders. Problems persist in countries where arms embargoes have been partially lifted, such as the Central African Republic and Somalia.

The UN is particularly concerned about the growth of illicit weapons production, including the proliferation of 3D-printed weapons, particularly in Western Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean.

In Haiti, criminal groups are expanding their control over territories by using smuggled weapons to undermine state authority. In Africa, illicit arms flows in the Sahel, the Horn of Africa, and the Great Lakes region are turning local conflicts into cross-border crises. As Ebo noted, this is a clear symptom of a governance deficit: limited state capacity forces communities to arm themselves for self-defense, further exacerbating instability.

The humanitarian consequences of weapons proliferation

During his speech, Ebo also highlighted the humanitarian consequences of small arms proliferation. In 2024, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights recorded at least 48,000 civilian deaths in conflicts—a 40 percent increase from the previous year. In some war zones, up to 30 percent of these deaths were caused by small arms. Furthermore, firearms were also used in 88 percent of cases of sexual violence in conflicts between 2022 and 2024.

Small arms violence has a devastating impact on socioeconomic development. In 2023, the combined revenue of the world's 100 largest arms companies was $632 billion. In 2024, global military spending reached $2.7 trillion—a 37 percent increase from 2015. The Secretary-General's report, "The Security We Need," calls for a reassessment of existing priorities and a rebalancing of investments for peace.

Implementation of technologies and strengthening of border controls

Ebo presented specific recommendations to combat the illicit proliferation of weapons. He called on states to implement comprehensive arms and ammunition management at all stages, from production to disposal. Proposed measures include improved marking and tracing, the introduction of new technologies, and enhanced border controls. Ebo emphasized the important role of the Security Council in integrating these issues into peacekeeping mandates and disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration programs.

The Deputy High Representative for Disarmament Affairs concluded his address with a call for strengthened international cooperation and technical support. He presented a new initiative – a small arms fellowship program aimed at strengthening national capacity and fostering cross-border cooperation. The UN, he stated, stands ready to support countries in implementing effective, inclusive, and sustainable arms control strategies.

Interpol: Three lines of response

Interpol Special Representative to the United Nations, Roraima Ana Andriani, called for increased international cooperation to combat the illicit trafficking of small arms. She noted that weapons from conflict zones are increasingly falling into the hands of criminal and terrorist groups, fueling violence and cross-border crime.

Andriani emphasized that modern technologies—including 3D printing and online illicit trade—make firearms accessible and difficult to trace. Interpol offers three avenues of response: information sharing, joint operations, and strengthening police capacity. The organization has already coordinated raids that seized tens of thousands of weapons and trained hundreds of police officers worldwide.

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November 10, 2025 Climate and environment

The world is rapidly descending into a new cycle of instability, where armed conflicts intersect with intensifying climate disasters. Millions of refugees, internally displaced persons, and residents of host communities are trapped in this dangerous situation, according to a report released today by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).

The authors warn that climate shocks don't just disrupt established ways of life – they deprive people of the opportunity to rebuild their lives after conflicts and trigger new waves of displacement.

By mid-2025, the number of people fleeing war, violence, and persecution will reach 117 million. Three-quarters of them ended up in countries most vulnerable to climate threats. According to UNHCR, over the past decade, natural disasters have displaced approximately 250 million people within their own countries. Floods in South Sudan and Brazil, record temperatures in Kenya and Pakistan, and severe water shortages in Chad and Ethiopia—extreme events are becoming the final straw for communities already living in a state of chronic instability.

"Extreme weather around the world is putting people's safety at risk. It's destroying homes, cutting off access to basic services, depriving people of their livelihoods, and forcing families – many of whom have already fled – to flee again," said UN High Commissioner for Refugees Filippo Grandi.

"These are people who have already suffered great losses. Now they face further suffering—droughts, floods, sweltering heat. And yet, they lack the resources to begin rebuilding their lives," he added.

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From promises to action: COP30 delegates demand accelerated climate progress

In some regions, this isn't just hardship; it's a direct threat to survival. In flooded areas of Chad, refugees arriving from war-torn Sudan are forced to make do with less than 10 liters of water per day. This is several times lower than the norm. By 2050, it's predicted that refugees living in camps in the hottest areas will spend up to 200 days a year exposed to dangerous heat stress. The combination of extreme heat and high humidity makes some areas virtually uninhabitable.

Environmental problems only exacerbate the situation. New data show that three-quarters of Africa's land is subject to degradation, and more than half of refugee and internally displaced person settlements are located in areas with the highest environmental stress. This means less water, less food, and fewer livelihood opportunities. In some areas of the Sahel, the lack of such opportunities is driving people, seeing no other option, to join armed groups. Thus, environmental problems fuel the cycle of violence.

Meanwhile, countries hosting refugees receive only a quarter of the funding they need.

"Funding cuts severely limit our ability to protect refugees from the impacts of extreme weather. If we truly want stability, we need to invest in the areas where the situation is most dire. To prevent further displacement, climate finance must reach communities already living on the edge," Grandi emphasized.

Despite alarming trends, UNHCR emphasizes that solutions exist. Both displaced people and the communities hosting them must be part of national climate strategies and plans. With the UN Climate Change Conference (COP30) kicking off today in Belém, Brazil, UNHCR is calling on governments, financial institutions, and international organizations to take concrete, long-term measures: integrating refugees into climate planning, investing in adaptation, and ensuring that climate funds reach the most vulnerable communities.

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