Sergei Parajanov's first feature film, Andriesh

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: Moscow Government – Moscow Government –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

The Peresvetov Lane Gallery will host a screening of "Andriesh," Sergei Parajanov's first nearly full-length feature film, co-created with Yakov Bazelyan. The screening is part of the Maslenitsa program.

The film continues the theme of the director's thesis, "Moldavian Fairytale," based on the work of the same name by writer and poet Emilian Bukov. In his early short film, Parajanov combined props with real-life actors. Several years later, on the advice of Alexander Dovzhenko, he revisited the story of Andriesh, this time using live acting.

The 63-minute film marked the director's first step in developing the artistic language and aesthetics that would later define his signature style.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

Moscow on the Tip of a Pencil: Sketches from the "Sketches of Old Moscow" Exhibition

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: Moscow Government – Moscow Government –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

The Museum of Moscow is hosting a themed sketching class, "Moscow at the Tip of a Pencil: Sketches from the 'Sketches of Old Moscow' Exhibition."

Participants will explore genre photographs from the museum's collection, capturing the everyday life of old Moscow, and create their own graphic works based on them. During the class, they will create original postcards featuring urban scenes and characters. The workshop leader will discuss the basics of sketching and techniques for creating atmospheric urban sketches.

The host is graphic designer Maria Kashmina.

The meeting place is the foyer of the first floor of the first building of the Museum of Moscow (Zubovsky Boulevard, building 2, building 7).

The lesson lasts 1.5 hours.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

A ski trail has opened in the Moscow Canal near the Northern River Terminal.

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: Moscow Government – Moscow Government –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

A ski trail has opened near the Northern River Terminal in the Moscow Canal. It consists of two circular routes, three and one kilometer long. This allows for combinations of sections and the ability to choose sections of the desired distance for skiing.

This winter, two ski trails are open to visitors at the Northern River Terminal. You can ski in the park or on the frozen surface of the water.

"The four-kilometer ski trail in the Moscow Canal at the Northern River Terminal has reopened. A more than 600-meter ski trail in the park area was previously opened, and over 3,800 people have already used it. Visitors can bring their own equipment, rent it, and participate in training sessions led by professional athletes. There's also a large skating rink, electric tubing, an ice town, and a children's carousel. At Sergei Sobyanin's direction, we continue to develop the river terminal sites," said the Deputy Mayor of Moscow for Transport and Industry.

Maxim Liksutov.

The access to the slope, located in the water area, is located at Pier No. 9. Rental equipment and heated changing pavilions are also available there. They are open daily from 10:00 AM to 8:00 PM, and admission is free. Equipment is available until 7:00 PM, so it's best to arrive early to ensure you have the right equipment.

Ski training sessions are offered at the Northern River Terminal. They are held twice a day on weekdays—at 10:30 AM and 5:30 PM—and every 2.5 hours on weekends from 10:30 AM to 7:00 PM. Participation is free, and registration is available on-site at the rental shops at Pier 9.

On weekends at 1:30 PM and 3:30 PM, training sessions will be led by Nikolai Pankratov, a skier and biathlete, a Master of Sports of Russia of International Class, and a member of the Russian Olympic cross-country skiing team.

After skiing and active training, you can warm up at the rental points with free hot drinks – tea or coffee.

The Northern River Terminal has become even more attractive to visitors. For winter recreation, it boasts a large skating rink, electric tubing, an ice town, a children's carousel, and now two ski slopes.

The Northern River Terminal invites you to figure skating master classes.Tubing, an ice town, and a skating rink: what winter activities are available at the Northern River Terminal?

Get the latest news quickly on official Moscow messaging channels. MAX AndTelegram.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

Sobyanin: 258,000 Muscovites have moved into or are moving into new housing under the renovation program.

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: Moscow Government – Moscow Government –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

The capital's renovation program is already more than a quarter complete. This was reported on its channel in MAX messenger Sergei Sobyanin said.

"IN

new apartments "About 258,000 Muscovites have moved in or are moving in. They have received not only comfortable housing but also a next-level urban environment right next to their homes," noted Sergei Sobyanin.

Source: Moscow Mayor's channelMAX messenger

Under the housing renovation program approved on August 1, 2017, approximately one million Muscovites will move into new apartments. The renovation districts will create a new level of urban environment: balanced, open, comfortable, and attractive.

The renovation program includes 5,176 buildings—approximately 350,000 apartments with a total floor area of 16.4 million square meters. By the end of 2025, the renovation program will be more than 25 percent complete.

Sobyanin congratulated the 250,000th participant in the renovation program on their housewarming.

Since 2018, 7.9 million square meters of housing have been commissioned to implement the program's goals, allowing for the relocation of approximately 1,600 older buildings. By 2025, approximately 2.3 million square meters of housing will have been built—a record volume for the program's implementation.

The Moscow Housing Renovation Fund has become the leader in housing construction in Russia.

In addition, in 2025, advanced construction technologies were actively introduced to accelerate the commissioning and improve the quality of housing built under the renovation program.

“So, in Cheryomushki, for the first time, a residential building was built from

large modules "In just 6.5 months. This is an absolute record for the construction of similar buildings," added Sergei Sobyanin.

The production of blocks was mastered by the new robotic plant of the MonArch Group of Companies, located in the Vnukovo district (Novomoskovsky Administrative District).

In 12 districts of Moscow (Ramenki, Severny, Molzhaninovsky, Kommunarka, Stary Kryukov, Yuzhny and Severny Medvedkovo, Yasenevo, Lianozovo, Novo-Peredelkino, Yuzhny and Severny Butovo) the current renovation program has been fully completed.

Plans for 2026 include commissioning 2.5 million square meters of housing, which will allow for the relocation of approximately 60,000 more people.

In total, approximately 11 million square meters of real estate are at various stages of design and construction, which will allow for the highest possible rate of relocation of residents of buildings included in the renovation program in the coming years and the completion of the program by 2032. The program is being implemented according to the schedule approved in 2017. Commitments to residents are being fulfilled ahead of schedule.

When moving, city residents are assisted at information centers where representatives work Department of City Property, the Moscow Renovation Fund, the prefecture, the management company, the general contractor and other departments.

Subscribe to Sergei Sobyanin's official channels on messengers MAX AndTelegram.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

Sobyanin took part in the International Congress of Public Administration

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: Moscow Government – Moscow Government –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

The International Congress of Public Administration has opened at the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA). From February 10 to 13, it will serve as a hub for developing best practices that will improve the quality of public administration. Sergei Sobyanin participated in the plenary session of the congress, "Public Administration in the 21st Century: Between Speed and Meaning."

The congress is dedicated to six key public administration topics: civil service, digitalization, regional experience, business support, a people-centered government, and strategic priority management. Participants will discuss systemic reforms and specific operational models that have already proven effective.

The Moscow Mayor shared his experience implementing reforms in Moscow. The development model that existed in the early 2000s had become ineffective and was holding back the city's development.

"The changes needed at that time were long overdue; no matter what anyone said, everyone understood they were overdue. How to do it, and at what speed, is another matter. We were so far behind at the time in transportation, healthcare, and public spaces that we didn't have the time to do what Europe had accomplished over the previous 40 years. We needed to do it in literally five to ten years, so, of course, the speed of change and the rigor of our decisions were simply dictated by objective necessity: either we would lag behind and become some third-rate city, or we would become a leader and set an example for other global cities," Sergei Sobyanin emphasized.

According to the Moscow Mayor, all changes being implemented are for Muscovites. And the understanding of these processes, experience, and character of the managers dictate the speed and quality of the transformations. The most important thing is the confidence that the city and its residents will ultimately benefit.

The speed of reform implementation is a result of the freedom and responsibility given to the city administration. If there's a focus on results, not process, a team is assembled that is also focused on those results.

"People expect their sewage system to work properly, their apartments to be warm and bright, their entryway to be clean, their courtyard to be landscaped, public transportation to run regularly, hospitals and clinics to treat them like humans rather than artificial intelligence, and so on and so forth. After all, basic needs and aspirations don't change over time. These are the same needs as ordinary citizens, city dwellers, and that's what they expect from the government," Sergei Sobyanin noted.

 

The city that surrounds a resident is an extension of their personal space and comfort. People's needs change, and we must strive to reach new levels, because any standstill is a degradation. The well-being of the country depends on the city's development.

According to the Moscow Mayor, officials must meet the needs of their residents and be a hero every day of their service. A high-level manager must understand the strategy and be committed to implementing it. They must be willing to work, unafraid of conflict, and a fighter. If such people enter public service, they must be helped to become true leaders.

Subscribe to Sergei Sobyanin's official channels on messengers MAX AndTelegram.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

Rhythms of loving hearts

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: Moscow Government – Moscow Government –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

The Vykhino Gallery will host a concert titled "Rhythms of Loving Hearts." The program will feature vocal works from various eras, in which dance rhythms form the basis of the musical statement.

The audience will hear arias and numbers from operettas and musicals, as well as popular and folk songs. The performances will include works by Imre Kálmán, Luigi Arditi, Franz Lehár, Robert Stolz, Leonard Bernstein, and Frederick Loewe, as well as excerpts from the musicals "West Side Story," "My Fair Lady," and "Cabaret."

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

Bakhchisarai, Mikhailovskoye, and Trigorskoye: The State A.S. Pushkin Museum invites you to an exhibition about Pushkin's places

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: Moscow Government – Moscow Government –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

In the State Museum of A.S. Pushkin, subordinate to the capital Department of Culture, opens on February 10th exhibition "Pushkin Places in the Works of 20th-21st Century Artists" is dedicated to the classic author's favorite places, including Moscow, St. Petersburg, Orenburg, the Bakhchisarai Palace, the Torzhok Hotel, and the Mikhailovskoye, Trigorskoye, and Bernovo estates.

The exhibition includes works by Russian artists. Among them are Alexander Osmerkin's "Mikhailovskoye. Two Lakes" and "Svyatogorsk Monastery," created in 1928 during the artist's assignment in the Pskov Province.

Visitors will also see Boris Shcherbakov's landscape "Evening on the Black Gannibalovsky Pond." The artist visited the Mikhailovskoye estate in 1934 to paint the painting.

The exhibition halls feature works by Tatyana Radimova, "Road to Mikhailovskoye," "Trigorskoye and the Voronich Fortress," and Yuri Kertselli, "Mikhailovskoye. Pushkin's House," "Torzhok. Borisoglebsky Monastery," among others. The exhibition will also feature photographs from various years depicting Pushkin-related sites.

The project is timed to coincide with the 20th anniversary of the establishment of the Pushkin Museum Society, whose origins included the State A.S. Pushkin Museum (Moscow), the All-Russian A.S. Pushkin Museum (St. Petersburg), the Mikhailovskoye Museum-Reserve, and the Boldin Museum-Reserve.

The exhibition will run until May 17th. It is designed for visitors aged six and over. Admission is bytickets.

Get the latest news quickly on official Moscow messaging channels. MAX And Telegram.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

Capital businesses invite you to celebrate Chinese New Year and Maslenitsa

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: Moscow Government – Moscow Government –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

From February 11th to 17th, Moscow businesses have prepared a variety of free events for Muscovites of all ages as part of the "Winter in Moscow" project. These include engaging workshops, games, and an educational exhibition. Admission is free, but registration is required for some events.

Bolotnaya Square: Learn makeup secrets and build a model bicycle

On February 11 from 5:00 PM to 7:00 PM, the Gift Factory art pavilion on Bolotnaya Square will host makeup master class For mothers and daughters. Professional makeup artists will teach guests how to apply makeup correctly and choose shades.

11 And13 February From 7:00 PM to 8:00 PM, you can attend a masterclass on creating essential fragrances. Representatives of the Moscow-based brand will teach you how to create warming winter compositions, as well as invigorating florals that will evoke summer memories. Guests will learn how to stay healthy during the cold season. As per tradition, they will also enjoy a session with metaphorical cards. The masterclass is limited to 10 people at a time.

On February 14 and 15, the art pavilion will host master classes from its partner, Yandex Market, onglove customization, making candlesticks AndcrochetClasses will be held from 12:00 to 16:00.

On February 12 from 6:00 PM to 7:00 PM, guests will be taught how to create puppets for shadow theaterParticipants will choose their favorite plywood doll and transform it into a fairy tale character. They will paint the doll brightly and dress it in fancy costumes.

On the same day from 19:00 to 20:00 there will be a master class onassembling a souvenir bicycle model from plywoodYoung crafters will create a miniature model from cut-out parts. This activity will introduce them to the basics of design and assembly, develop spatial thinking and fine motor skills. They will learn to read diagrams, learn how to properly use mechanical fasteners, and master the adhesive assembly technique that ensures a strong connection between parts. A maximum of 10 people can participate in the workshop at a time.

A master class will be held from 8:00 pm to 9:00 pm. Winter Magic of AromatherapyVisitors will be treated to the magical aromas of natural essential oils: warming winter compositions and invigorating florals. Guests will be immersed in a world of feelings and intuition, learning how to maintain health during the cold season. They will also enjoy a session with metaphorical cards.

On February 15 from 2:00 PM to 5:00 PM, young guests are invited to a creative workshop. Create your own branded shopperIt will be held as part of the Multiboom marathon. Participants will be able to design a stylish bag with the Moscow Sun symbol—the mascot Ray. The hero will delight guests, pose for photos, and present them with memorable gifts. Admission to the master class is on a first-come, first-served basis; no more than seven people can participate at a time.

On February 17, as part of the Chinese New Year, with the support of our partner, Alfa Bank, master classes oncalligraphy, creating hanging lanterns Andfan paintingsThe events will take place from 6:00 PM to 9:00 PM.

Tverskoy Boulevard: Make a Maslenitsa doll and receive gifts

On February 13, guests are welcome at the Moscow Winter Club on Tverskoy Boulevard for the festival. "Carnival".

From 5:00 PM to 8:00 PM, L.Sanic will host a Maslenitsa doll-making workshop in Rotunda No. 1, award subscription gifts, and offer sea buckthorn tea to everyone. A Maslenitsa photo zone with props, including scarves and masks, will be available on site.

In Rotunda No. 3, the Holly Polly brand will teach you how to make bag trims.

In Rotunda No. 4, the Zeitun brand will be serving tea and sweets—cockerel-shaped lollipops and buns. Each guest will receive a souvenir. Beautyfic will be organizing a master class on creating an oriental-style bag trim.

At the beauty tree area, AskMask representatives will be handing out miniatures of the brand and roosters on a stick. L'Occitane and Gordon's Lab will give away a miniature for subscribing to their Telegram channel. Artdeco will provide an astrological consultation and a beauty forecast, as well as a free lip gloss for subscribing.

Brands To My Skin, Nikk Mole, and Librederm will be giving away prizes on a wheel of fortune, G.Love has prepared a win-win lottery, and Babor will be offering a mini-lecture on spring skincare.

Representatives of Krygina Cosmetics will be holding makeup master classes on February 13 from 5:00 PM to 7:00 PM, and on February 14 from 12:00 PM to 5:00 PM.

Learn to cook, choose a profession, and take part in games in parks

From February 11th to 17th, from 2:00 pm to 7:00 pm, children are invited to winter culinary master classes At the Korchma restaurant, located at 7 Nikolo-Khovanskaya Street, Building 1, the children will have a fun time in a creative environment with an entertainer, while parents will have the opportunity to relax and socialize.

From February 13 to 15 from 15:00 to 20:00 in the VkusVill brand zones in Izmailovsky Park And Sokolniki, as well as in the landscape park Mitino Exciting games have been prepared for guests. At the interactive "Recipe Tree" event, everyone can receive instructions on how to prepare a variety of dishes and collect cards with the necessary ingredients from the tree within a set time limit. Participants in the "Gift Box" will have the chance to shake a magical box containing a cube and win a delicious treat.

On February 15, from 10:00 AM to 7:00 PM, the congress center of the First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M. Sechenov, located at 8 Trubetskaya Street, will host a free winter exhibition, "Admissions Navigator," for students in grades 7–11 and their parents. Organized by the educational center Maximum Education, visitors will have the opportunity to receive answers to their admissions questions from representatives of 45 universities and colleges. Experts will compile a personalized career profile, help them choose the right subjects for the Main and Unified State Exams, and outline a preparation plan. Guests will also learn important news about changes to the 2026 admissions campaign. Required registration.

On February 16, from 3:00 PM to 4:00 PM, children aged six to eight are invited to the "Build and Program a Fan" workshop at the Engineering Club child development center, located at 3 Tatyana Makarovoy Street. Participants will build their own fan model and learn to program its movements using simple blocks on a tablet. This engaging, game-based format will allow children to become familiar with the basic principles of logic and algorithms. Required registration.

Chinese New Year: Learn Calligraphy and Make a Paper Lantern

On February 17, Alfa-Bank will host master classes at the Gift Factory art pavilion on Bolotnaya Square as part of the Chinese New Year celebrations.

From 18:00 to 19:00 there will be a lesson oncalligraphyThis striking Chinese writing style, with its expressive, angular elements, is considered a refined form of painting. Each participant will not only learn to write but also create a stylish, minimalist painting.

From 7:00 PM to 8:00 PM, young guests will learn paint a fan In a traditional Chinese style, participants can decorate them with a cherry blossom branch or a flying dragon. This fan can be used as intended or hung on the wall when open as a decorative element.

From 8:00 pm to 9:00 pm, guests will be able to craft paper hanging lanternsThese traditional decorations are found everywhere in China—on the streets, in homes, offices, and restaurants. Red lanterns are believed to attract good luck and ward off evil spirits, while white ones purify the space. Participants will also learn traditional Chinese painting.

Winter in Moscow — the main event of the season. The project aims to strengthen social and family ties, create an atmosphere of unity and mutual support, and assist those currently defending the Motherland. Through a variety of programs, including cultural, educational, and sporting events, it brings together Muscovites and visitors of all ages and interests, creating an environment for creative development, active recreation, and warm communication. Particular attention is paid to supporting participants and veterans of the special military operation and their families.

You can see how Moscow celebrated the previous Chinese New Year in report Mosfoto.

Get the latest news quickly on official Moscow messaging channels. MAX AndTelegram.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

Automatic access to your medical records, subsidies, and other opportunities: Why you need a full account on mos.ru

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: Moscow Government – Moscow Government –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

The mos.ru portal supports Muscovites in a variety of life situations, saving them time and effort. The higher the account level, the more opportunities the city's digital ecosystem offers. A full account is available to all Muscovites, granting access to all electronic services, services, and online projects in the capital. Learn more about the opportunities available with a full account.full mos.ru account and how to increase its level, they reminded in the capital Department of Information Technology.

"The mos.ru portal today offers over 460 services that help solve virtually any issue—from everyday chores and caring for loved ones to choosing clubs and purchasing tickets to performances. The higher the account level, the more opportunities the city's digital ecosystem offers residents. For example, residents with a full mos.ru account automatically gain access to their electronic medical records, without having to submit an application or wait for it to be verified," explained the press service of the Moscow Department of Information Technology.

Entering the Digital Universe

There are three account levels: simplified, standard, and full. To obtain a simplified account, users simply register on the mos.ru portal. After registering, they can view information about the portal's services and access some of them, such as submitting water, heat, and electricity meter readings or paying fines. To upgrade to the standard account level, users must add their individual insurance account number (SNILS) to their personal account.

You can upgrade your account to a full level either online or in person at any My Documents government services center by presenting your passport. You can verify your identity online in two ways: by logging in to mos.ru using a verified account on the federal government services portal. gosuslugi.ru or using the ID of one of the banks.

Key to mos.ru resources

A full account gives you access to all the portal's features. For example, after verifying your identity, you can apply for housing and utility subsidies and opt out of receiving paper single payment document, automatically access your electronic medical record without submitting an application. Additionally, a full account can be used to verify your account on car-sharing services and, in the summer, on electric scooter rental services.

A standard account allows access to services and features that don't require identity verification. This level allows users to register with city clinics, apply for a Moscow resident card, receive information from the Capital Repairs Fund, and more.

In addition, a full account on mos.ru gives residents of the capital the opportunity to choose an animal from a city shelter and sign up to meet it using the service. MospitometzHe works with 13 city shelters, collecting profiles of dogs and cats waiting for their future homes.

Users of the portal authorized via Mos ID do not have to enter their personal data when purchasing tickets for city events through the service. Mosbilet— The fields are filled in automatically. This saves time and eliminates potential errors in personal information. And if you have information about relatives entered in your personal account on mos.ru, their information will also be automatically retrieved when you purchase tickets.

Access to urban projects

A Mos ID account also allows you to access other digital projects. It can be used to log in to over 150 city resources, including electronic projects. For example,Active Citizen, where Muscovites make important decisions for the capital through voting, or on the portal Our City, which helps residents influence the state of the urban environment. Authorization using Mos ID on the platform Electronic House allows Muscovites to manage their apartment building online with their neighbors, including making important decisions at general meetings of owners. Additionally, a mos.ru account gives Muscovites access to services Moscow Electronic School, as well as city mobile applications and resources, including the "Parking of Russia" portal Get to Know Moscow, supplier portal, investment portal and many others.

The My ID app received the Global CIO Project of the Year 2025 award.Large families can visit skating rinks in Moscow parks for free using the My ID app.More services and an updated interface: how the My ID mobile app evolved in 2025

The creation, development and operation of e-government infrastructure, including the provision of mass socially significant services, as well as other services in electronic form, are consistent with the objectives of the national project "Data Economy and Digital Transformation of the State" and the Moscow regional project "Digital Public Administration." More information about Russia's national projects and the capital's contribution can be found atspecial page.

Get the latest news quickly on official Moscow messaging channels. MAX And Telegram.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

Residents of the capital are invited to take part in the "Moscow. Traditions. People" project.

Translation. Region: Russian Federation –

Source: Moscow Government – Moscow Government –

An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

A new tourism and educational project, "Moscow. Traditions. People," has launched in the capital. It includes walking tours, local history lectures, and an online competition. Natalia Sergunina, Deputy Mayor of Moscow.

"Competition participants will talk about the lives of outstanding residents and heroes of our country, architectural landmarks, and the history and traditions of Moscow's districts," said Natalia Sergunina.

Applications are now open. Submit your application until April 13th. tourist service Russpass. Citizens aged 12 and over are invited to join.

A jury consisting of Moscow experts, heads of relevant associations, museums, and other experts will evaluate the entries and select the finalists. The winners will be selected in project "Active Citizen." The winners' stories will be published online. Russpass Magazine.

The lectures will focus on the development of the capital's districts and popular attractions, including VDNKh and the Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve. The excursion program will cover all districts and introduce the audience to their landmarks.

All project events are free. The schedule is available on Russpass.

Get the latest news quickly on official Moscow messaging channels. MAX AndTelegram.

Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source. It represents an accurate account of the source's assertions and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.