Translation. Region: Russian Federation –
Source: United Nations – United Nations –
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November 8, 2025 Climate and environment
Thousands of diplomats, experts, and activists are heading to Belém, in the Brazilian Amazon, for COP30, the latest round of UN-led climate talks. Their primary goal is to turn pledges into action by agreeing on more ambitious plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
After decades of negotiations and annual, not always successful, summits – from Kyoto to Sharm el-Sheikh – the planet continues to warm. Public pressure on governments and big business to act has recently reached critical levels.
The holding of the 30th UN Climate Change Conference in Belém, on the edge of the Amazon – the world's largest tropical forest – underscores the scale of the problem: the region is both a vital carbon sink and a frontline in the fight against deforestation and climate change.
This year, the forum aims to change course. Delegates will examine in detail the climate plans of various countries, advocate for $1.3 trillion in annual climate finance, adopt new climate adaptation measures, and advance the concept of a "just transition" to a green economy.
"Time to act"
Conference organizers are positioning COP30 as a turning point and a test of global solidarity. The summit opens amid alarming forecasts: scientists warn that the planet is moving toward exceeding the 1.5 degrees Celsius warming threshold set by the Paris Agreement.
Experts note that this excess could be short-lived – but only if countries immediately step up efforts to reduce emissions, adapt to the effects of climate change, and mobilize financial resources.
Speaking ahead of the summit, the UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres stated bluntly: "The time for negotiations is over. The time has come for action, action, and more action."
© UNFCCC/K. Worth
The conference, chaired by Brazil, will be built around an agenda of 30 key goals, each overseen by a group responsible for scaling up solutions. The initiative is called "Mutirón," a word from an indigenous Brazilian language meaning "collective task." It reflects Brazil's desire to highlight the leadership and active participation of indigenous peoples in the conference and in the global fight against climate change.
The Brazilian government says it wants to involve all sectors – from indigenous communities to the business community – in fulfilling the country's previous climate pledges.
Mobilization of finance
The agenda at UN climate conferences is traditionally based on voluntary commitments rather than legally binding norms. Yet the scale of the required investments is enormous: at least $1.3 trillion annually is required by 2035.
Without urgent action, scientists estimate that global temperatures could rise by 2.3 to 2.8 degrees Celsius by the end of the century, making vast regions of the planet uninhabitable due to flooding, extreme heat, and ecosystem destruction.
The Belem talks will center on the Baku-Belem roadmap, prepared by the COP29 and COP30 presidencies. This document outlines five resource mobilization priorities, including strengthening the six multilateral climate funds, expanding cooperation on taxing polluting activities, and converting sovereign debt into climate investments—a move that could unlock $100 billion for developing countries.
The report also calls for removing barriers, such as investment treaty provisions that allow corporations to sue governments over climate policy. Such disputes have already cost states $83 billion in 349 cases.
© Unsplash/I. Johansson
Why are climate conferences important?
The Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, known as the COP, remains the leading global forum for addressing the climate crisis. Decisions at these summits are made by consensus, facilitating cooperation on mitigation, adaptation, and financing.
Over the years, UN climate conferences have adopted key documents. In 2015, the Paris Agreement set a goal of holding the global temperature increase "well below 2 degrees Celsius" above pre-industrial levels and aiming for 1.5 degrees Celsius. At COP28 in Dubai, countries agreed to phase out fossil fuels "in a fair, orderly, and equitable manner" and to triple renewable energy capacity by 2030. Last year, in Baku, the annual climate finance target for developing countries was raised from $100 billion to $300 billion, with a roadmap for increasing it to $1.3 trillion.
Taken together, the legal architecture built over the past three decades has helped prevent the projected four degrees of warming by the end of the century.
KS-30 will open on Monday, November 10, and run until Friday, November 21.
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